PASSIVE SOLAR ARCHITECTURE: BASICS

J. K. Nayak Energy Systems Engineering IIT, Powai, Mumbai 400 076

PASSIVE SOLAR ARCHITECTURE

INTRODUCTION EXAMPLES: IMPORTANCE & USEFULNESS PASSIVE FEATURES SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Introduction
PSA : an ancient concept Modern science has provided quantitative support Large potential for energy conservation Can lead to a thermally comfortable indoor environment

Introduction
DEFINITION
Collection, storage, distribution and control of energy flow by natural processes of heat and mass transfer

WORKING DEFINITION
Use natural energy (sun, wind, etc.) to conserve conventional energy for achieving thermal comfort Thermal comfort refers to comfortable indoor conditions (temperature, humidity, air movement)

LEDeG Trainees Hostel, Leh Cold and Sunny Direct gain; Trombe wall

Solar access and daylighting design

Himurja office building, Shimla

COLD CLIMATE
Direct gain
Windows

Solarium Air heaters Solar chimney Light shelves

Himachal Pradesh State Co-operative Bank, Shimla

Modified Trombe wall Double glazed windows Sunspaces Air-lock lobby Solar air heater (Roof)

Section of the building showing modified Trombe wall

Roof collector

MLA hostel, Shimla Direct gain Overhang Insulation Trombe wall and sunspaces

Solar cooker

Solar water heater

Residence of Sudha and Atam Kumar, New Delhi Composite Climate Solar exposure Wall and roof insulation

Wind tower with evaporative cooling Wall and roof surfaces: reflective

TERI Retreat, Gurgaon

Earth air tunnel Solar chimney Direct gain Insulation

PV: solar roof PV-Gasifier hybrid system

Earth-air tunnel System: passive space conditioning

Water and waste management system

American Institute of Indian Studies, Gurgaon

Examples:
WARM & HUMID

MANILA

Light shelves Pergolas Daylighting Computer controlled energy management system

Estimated annual energy consumption approx. 1/3 rd of a conventional building

EXAMPLES: OKINAWA
WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE
Earth on roof Pergolas Shading Cross ventilation Night flushing CIVIC CENTER IN JAPAN SHOWING CONCERN FOR PUBLIC WELFARE

JODHPUR DESERT CLIMATE

Wind tower with evaporative cooling Earth berming Shading Massive structures

Examples:

Examples:

NEGEV

ARID CLIMATE
PARTIAL SUNK EARTH-BERMING (U=0.19 W/m2-K) ROOF INSULATION (U=0.28 W/m2-K) SHADING CROSSVENTILATION

Earth Berming

EXAMPLE
BRAMPTON (NORTHWEST OF TORONTO) CLIMATE: LONG COLD WINTER, SHORT BUT WARM AND HUMID SUMMER KEY FEATURES: Sunspace , superinsulation, High-performance Windows, HVAC, Energy efficient Devices.

JAPANESE WISH HOUSE: IWAKI (NORTH OF TOKYO)

CLIMATE: MILD WINTER HOT AND HUMID IN SUMMER KEY FEATURES: Photovoltaic-thermal hybrid collector PCM storage Insulation Dehumidification with lithium bromide

COMPARISON OF ANNUAL LOAD (kWh/house)

Examples: OSHIMA
MODERATE CLIMATE
Sunspace Roof-integrated systems Cross ventilation Insulation

TORRENT RESEARCH CENTRE, AHMEDABAD HOT & DRY CLIMATE BUILDING:Passive down-draft evaporative cooling (PDEC) system Insulated Cavity walls Natural light and ventilation Dust reduction mechanisms

PASSIVE DOWNDRAFT EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEM

A system of inlet and outlet shafts Locations, sizes and heights : generate required air movement A fine spray of water cools the air at entry 6-9 air change rates per hour observed Strategy: Hot season: evaporative cooling Monsoon: cooling off, induce ventilation by fans Winter:ventilation minimised (inlets closed by shutters)

GERMAN ZERO-HEATING-ENERGY HOUSE BERLIN SATELLITE TOWN OF SPANDAU Key features: super glazing, active solar collectors, storage, heat recovery, energy efficient devices

PASSIVE FEATURES

DIRECT GAIN

PASSIVE FEATURES
TROMBE WALL

PASSIVE FEATURES
SOLAR CHIMNEY

PASSIVE FEATURES

SUN SPACE

PASSIVE FEATURES

EARTHBERMING

PASSIVE FEATURES

WIND TOWER EVAPORATIVE COOLING

WIND TOWER EVAPORATIVE COOLING

PASSIVE FEATURES

EARTH AIR TUNNEL

PASSIVE FEATURES

ROOF GARDEN

OTHER PASSIVE FEATURES

Shading devices Desiccant cooling Roof pond Transwall Roof radiation trap Isolated gain systems Courtyards (traditional architecture) etc.

DAYLIGHTING
Vision is by far the most developed of all our senses; Light has been the main pre-requisite for sensing things Daylight: coolest and efficient source of light
Cfl less efficient by about 20% to 40% Heating effect of daylighting is about 1 w per lumen; It is much less than that of artificial lighting

Various components for admitting daylighting shown in next few slides

EXAMPLES OF SPA :
MINNEAPOLIS DAYLIGHTING

DAYLIGHTING COMPONENTS

CLERESTORY

DAYLIGHTING COMPONENTS

LIGHT SHELF

DAYLIGHTING COMPONENTS

ATRIUM

SIMPLE TECHNIQUES
can be easily incorporated in the building without much additional cost. refer to design considerations involving :
site conditions : landform vegetation waterbodies street width and orientation open spaces and built form building orientation planform

SIMPLE TECHNIQUES
building envelope roof type: rcc, rcc with insulation, etc. wall type: brick, stone, accb external colour and texture:

smooth and light colour: reflects more rough textured surface: self-shading larger surface area for re-radiation white or lighter shades: higher emissivity
fenestration (openings)

NEW CHALLENGES
Materials
Transparent insulation Advanced glazings

NEW CHALLENGES
Systems
Buildings integrated with photovoltaic arrays Buildings integrated with solar collectors Buildings integrated with active systems e.g.
Domestic hot water systems Solar cookers

Buildings integrated With photovoltaic Arrays

SIMULATION
To find out if the design can achieve the expected requirements Results can be quantified temperature load energy savings . Relative comparison of design alternatives

CONCLUSIONS
Introduction to passive solar architecture Challenges facing architects in view of new technology Importance of simulation studies to integrate design with passive solar architecture

REMARKS
Necessary to consider building as a system
Focus on total energy use (not only heating and/or cooling)

Integrate different technologies

Energy-conservation (insulation, super windows) Passive solar Active solar

Develop whole building concept

REMARKS
Designing new, innovative building: requires multi-disciplinary design team
Energy aspects be considered at the early stage Architects and engineers work together

Simulation: desirable Construction practices User behaviour

THANK YOU