Right Atrium

Left Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Ventricle

Interatrial septum Interventricular septum Fossa ovalis

Tricuspid (right AV valve) Bicuspid (Mitral) (left AV Valve) Aortic SL Valve Pulmonary SL valve

Prevents backflow into the left ventricle : Aortic SL Valve Prevents backflow into the right atrium : Tricuspid Prevents backflow into the right ventricle : Pulmonary SL valve Prevents backflow into the left atrium : Bicuspid (Mitral) What structural features are added to the AV valves to ensure one-way flow? Chordae tendineae Papillary muscles Why does blood not normally backflow from the great vessels to the ventricles? Semilunar valves, simple with no cords of connective tissue holding them in place Fibrous Pericardium Parietal Serous Pericaridial cavity Visceral peri=epicardium Myocardium Endocardium

What are the functions of the gap junctions? Allow ions to pass from cell to cell , allowing a current to transmit across the entire heart.

What are the other structural modifications of cardiac muscle that ensure proper functioning of the heart? Densemones are cell junctions within the intercalcated discs and anchor adjacent cells preventing them from separating during contraction. How does the presence of the slow calcium channels play a role in the length of cardiac muscle contraction? Na triggers open Ca channels to a low the entry of calcium. They open slowly and stay open longer.
1. action potential of skeletal muscle is caused almost entirely by sudden opening of large numbers of socalled fast sodium channels; remain open for only a few thousandths of a second (a) In cardiac muscle, the action potential is caused by opening of two types of channels: (1) the same fast sodium channels and (2) another entirely different population of slow calcium channels (calcium-sodium channels); slower to open, remain open for several tenths of a second (b) maintains a prolonged period of depolarization, causing the plateau in the action potential; calcium ions that enter during this plateau phase activate the muscle contractile process, while the calcium ions that cause skeletal muscle contraction are derived from the intracellular sarcoplasmic reticulum. Immediately after the onset of the action potential, the permeability of the cardiac muscle membrane for potassium ions decreases about fivefold, an effect that does not occur in skeletal muscle. a. When the slow calcium sodium channels do close at the end of 0.2 to 0.3 second and the influx of calcium and sodium ions ceases, the membrane permeability for potassium ions also increases rapidly

2.

What factors speed up the rate of contraction of cardiac muscle? What factors slow down the rate of contraction of cardiac muscle? Higher Potassium and sodium concentrations slow the heart rate. The charge surrounding the heart becomes more positive. It is harder to depolarize and contracts less often. Calcium increases, the rate increases because it depolarizes more frequently. What factors can cause a variation in these heart sounds?