I,X

:H'uk'~. ']] '~mlIl!l!dill'~it,B. :men:m,sym_kan, :ke:p~'9, ,And;o. batL~i~ :~ebi'h ml'_dah,~f'ishm'\ClUt:'~2SiJ.dtu.dan.~Q:Dilembm1~It)ediIJ.M'''!~'ny~'~

[1..:~lll"";-·,,"~~~iI;.U,; ~~1:IlIlH~I~~;l.

_, ....... wl'll.;, ..........- ....i~., ~

""'J'-~J

I~

;i;..,_..1 ..... 'i"i .......... ,lI'ft,

M.la ~~l!lij;~1

....... ......,.. ,1I...I.J!ldliiiii;UJlillii!iiili.i

,..-1- )t•. """ ~""'''':'''~I'' ~ d' ...;'1_ _ •II:... 1~!Ii.!_I. I~;:" ."_
"'f"M'~ l

W,_:r,_~~

..

,Jl:U.

L_~ L ,~-. i:i>......... .

il:;Wtlll:ci,....,·1i u .. Ili.J.JfI••

,.JI"""I.:'!".

Sebm~ltllJ'~ '~mk1t- m'em.b~.~-seb,.,~. :Fd-llo.1nfj;, di,pe1"l utmlw_t'llol 'ibei~:ha:r,1'-~jl b~~. 'ter:ik~m1:!1~pfU. 'beibe,t~:c.t ~

1!Ii :~

19j'tlmtili

• ,f::mR)l: cMi'!db~t~ 'ii' Tt'l~.cpan L\ZIP[ooe

i!li

E'~,tJ Dc:dmn

~:~m'Mi~crmmt
.. ~·.!il-"'" 1ii'"i!l~1I:,. '!I!" Q~~,llImn:w.~~~IL 0'

• ,K~tm<K"Grf'

.'l~·'".

,.
'f:f~Jrltm,E'
.'

T.":flfl,M·:riif,amiJ(ai

., '~rdrrl iIIl1tU

.,
T'!rmNI nn1il\b
II

Hr,l',ptm' 11

7,:rrlJ)i.iid,~'Jg mJJi:d'
JI.

dl!1j~'.

.H:Yd~ljli71 k'JbidLfn m,~rg~

. ,l'raMlif
,

... ,ro"'l:!l!
,

~10~,::i~ ....

,.dfF~~p,~,

. ~u
'f _

1,~I;Q:5tk

,.

"rsf-G'·<!!' llT"'~~rS1{b "_J

iIi! ... _

r.'!IIi!.'

..

if.

E~dJ'opi

~ ,If'yl;:tllJ'!d

- ,~~,h"ik
'+~o(J'dah ,S'lkfrJ,~'~fl:rm~'

.~Nt'O~1
._
,.

['

,tl~U~~,

AC'

P'Q~ k'e1l1.du·pan ,sl~hw"~'haFi .An~

:miUle,tap:kM' k~ors~
~!l.He:~·:m@s:Hl 'mcibi:il

~~~mD,din~~

mif!!F~.pak am.•

Y~IB'

",""".~'iil..

IL-u;r;;.U,P

~... '11[.81L!S1-~}c.;.'-IJ;a-~ f _. '~,§Ij[~~

b~'I..... :mOuiu d~, .-.'II'.., mell::f~a1, :pel'tUl.lij~'&n r~:aa~u.r'~, ~ 'il..':111.. ~...!II. --..-. .•_.:N..-. .~II.!:··---, ,....~.":~.w.
"~"

pa.aLatml yw'g Mi:i~~' :~~di~tDr.~g :'fenknp~' :~ak t termo,din~.&a'y.-:-m'lLB ~.'metl!yer~ :P:aLffilS.

'mrthi
'menl~U'l

'banvak

t,;", ..... 'I!.,. ...:'" ... 'L, ..... , ...'mo..-.... ~,. ,:Iil.. . . "''11..._ ~iii.~~·i~~,~amerupW';iat:l, ~~~,:s.,~hit I~~ L,g"~_ d:l '":i&,~)~;yangmemusaJ~.~, :i0:1 ~ ~e""h~i'!'>!iI;il'!i' p"""d-~' l!l:::' I~,!.::'" Q!' (!lOll!:'> ,.,,01 1~i..L An ~:r.0"~ 1i)I'! n~''''' ~o;;). d'·I.~ , I~'~ Ii;!! !.I!.III",~,~; l~;"J'~' .... ~""'-,;:r"~' 'r. lI::i.'L ];~,l~, "~~' .'Iii.;;I,~, 1!I:i:iI: I~,~& b1 ,r W 11.- . .",~,;" 'i...ffl;'I"'i~fli"'i'''''~ I!!="~

:miiUl~'in,.~,
',I.'
'III,,'

~,kt

,re;la:tif 's:ineka!t mDb~l. 'tJeil"\s,Edtmu.t.~ t~r.b~af' h4b:Z.,

,

ifir.'ii'""'............~:-.,

~<e'io~,~

IL!l:it

i5!i"liiii5. ...

~j!;,

'Tt,Msi'ocmm i enel:g1 ~

'tlefmodi:riam;ka.'b,s:r:landNkml.
'. . ", ,. )

a:w 'tidak • _, ',' mi!!i'n-' "a ~r~" -'I\., eo" L..1'.I.iii'iI!.....~'il.m·· <iII'iiI;t..'il'"'""""" iIi<~'iiII'-m': 'i!Tild-,ifn·~i'!i'!II,!'F..,·eiii'A, ~l-L ..... u.~ !; D"IC!!"U!ii"i; -h· Aieli P6,,,,,,,'[WI.1U-N. ~u ,me:n:deor.'m.is:ikan ~efle~:iiih ldahulu S;iS.'fe~L~· :I:i.n~tinp~ Sis:f;~ admsh Slu~;tu dan, tn: 'iI!... ...::I'.. LL ._...:Il_, _ . _ "-,..:I" L' L, &..:, 's ~'~,~: ' lu@,rLu.8, ,€I:!!iatilj, 4 e~,~, yang menJ~.1. pusa',; pe1·.,Ui'h;l'~.e.u.w,li'ep;an ,-. T. "I~U1 .'~'~~gl\':~f: :m,I!(fu'pakan S!,~~,s'es;uatu d~,1um Sr:i5tem 'YanS dapat meme.np~~hi 'k,e~dun. siJiem, 's,e~~c Lru.,~~un,g. Ap~atiU~~an:tar-a ,5,:is'~m\ dm Im:~un:~ memilJ.n.~)~,
5:',)1 c~.'t...,e,'~'i,;;"""",
~llI:i:llU I~I J1H

~"sth "'""'f""""""'u

'm-. '1\0:.... ,-,_'t"''';'''1 ; I""" .. ...;1,_ iL;~'II;.bi.lI,.lm,':i;..,' .. !Le,f;",mD,."Ul~~a ,5,e;if;OE!J'iiI.~IIi, el'ilh:~f,81, ~" ..... 'iL;. '" ,~,- -, . ~,e 'd'UQ ,ij.1,- . . ·d-·-··.-.'. zt,. .. " .• 'f,,' ,-' ',' 10,;,... yan,B me,m,IUI,Etl"],

hu'kum ,.

'nler.~ ,it"" •.

~et'mad~.
.', ' J.,

~UmlD" '.;,1' '1Ci!

'm@i~·u.pf&an ,ell.·A\U~taan lioi'"'Wii dati huk'll'm

n. •. ," ",

:pada, dUiIJ, RuK.'UIl\. yaitu.,

, " ,I .•...
,!

'-po

.. ,'

:;J'~'

'b-'''~ ai~~,

,.

,,

afu
~J~ll

Af'IQS rI~t"Ne.t befian~ --'tiiJ'~' r-~ .. e5 ~.... . Gr"'l1',!QI

I
1

.!::

~l ~~

~llt

.~

i~I~~L~-Y

"

ll~ft!

I~HI1!Ii!l.

~l~

~J

"I 1 ~

...•

1Ij

1"

& I. ~~I~I

~Iii

~,efj~(HftI.~

PJeiF

lukm,an, ,[llQte~,~, dan. '~nj~'fgL,:~a

5J15!'ferrmr]f;~ dise'bu,'t ~{'SJ.""l

f~rb,,~~;

lila.

..:perbJ·kar;oo Ie1fu~rgi~·~.ehul ,sl!&.~ll,n :t;i.':lt,~tbtp. I~d.lt¥mru. ]·:ikape.trult~~M.;~bi!r:i~~ •. 'lltfi"~ne~:Bi P tidak :~np.itl m!~jad~t ~a, disi,ebl:1:t ~isfJ.m It:b:~·i5tJlll's'f! S'iSlem ~ 'Hfi'P:~p:t difiarriL~jM, &.~J':s~'Mt. b~y.a. ~,~I"batm p~

~paj,
aw

pe.if.;mjj~

,&bad sem'bUan be:_~ :ka.lnr.d_,sgap'

~S~~

,mt al'~'

B,@nyarr.lin 'Thoms o;r,ru,.., ~,e:of\'Nl,s,,~e-1·:ik.a yan,g :k,:e mtldian. 'be,r'p:l,'ti n~, men'ooi. 'Cnurd ,Rumfcr(l, mer'upakan O\l"al18' :p,ef'~, yan;g :meimbukf.iksn, bm~a :k~mDr''tids& mun!~'m, mentp_M, Eal :Ke.'~iket mel~Bk:uk·an. 'plembllU[r.m, mar'li'D~-IIi.·~ ~~'.o;-ill.., .. ,iI!'_~_,,-,LI'·,.-' 'I...._ .•'._. ' m·6c!l!.iL i'N'iloii"ri' ,&iI;~~~ Dil"l'i· ·1t1!l:;R;Uii. !ILYJ;!Ii·Ii ',' '~I _.,,~.Ii:.it.e'~-"" .'-pi'!" ma,....i~ 'IB&,~!.Ii:~I~]ii' :~~!~I·.::l~,~!UL~~!laJIliill, ~Y~W!LillWJ~~ 1~.J~eUt(:V'I'e1J .' ~{fi..Ij;f·~~·I~, . ~ ..~ft iIj"

kmQti Yeal"g te~,dsp~t't :pada 's,eliap benda :S,emJ:dm :Y;~:B palllas,dim:~' mempunya&katD£;~''YanB lebilii,'ban,-dt ~ipa&t'berruda yang ber!iuhu refti.dal1,

s eh1n;gsa :tt~ ~at men~~:bDr' :~~ atr' .:ran'l d£~.an ,kil!l'~ 'm-; 'j!t'ifll'd' ;L~.;wII'1I w~ .m'.-i!!i,i'''Ik!5\T'!~~' ~~!~R,.'~r·'~-~,kUl-L, W~;~~, D-t=~~' ~..Ji~~ iII'~ ~il!!i~)~~~:ilt'~~ ,~jl"Wll,";~ ~.-'ll,..~, ~lil~~'~ i~I~",",~,t· 'm," I!i'i"ll"i'~b.!;]\" ~ '1!.,._'ilil!'Hl!' ,~:"_"~ ,~,~ Jio -'1"""-' .' 1!;iA< ~.~'I!:"IJIi.!"""",, ~ ,E\~'!;0!1~ '_l~ ,r''''''''~' ~ .~.I:.~iiI"'III'U'~_ p"~ ,,~, ~"""'!:Ji' ~ ': _,
'~~~' ~!I..
r-

b· ..

I!;;i!!

ft~

,~",iIl-...'~I~jl ... ...:i,~.... 'bdl'llii!' ~~~.~ ~~Jl ~~ i~'I,,.:k,,,,,,,... '~"" ~'~'iI"!i"" 9,·".;II_I:",f~,

ul~i'tu:kp'md.m:gin.
~~"""&

_'~1!.iI,

'--~I~,

tH~rduk. IllnM:~ bukatl. ,~,t: ,~~. :5,epf.rU yanG 'dt~:mni

s·e'b:e.lun:u1.ya

5e:k:~t~,
~ .. _.--'..~i'-....:

t~.Uf.l.

l8·50,

J.'m;ft~~, P.r'e51~:Oi~.t lCHtll,l!li!

.- ,
'r .-"-~

me:~$an'pen;d,~'un,ruk·m~n,:p:W".~.I~II!!'~€)tmJ.
f.;tt
LaJor,..,j:..........-_':"'_; ~L

'.' ":mk .'~~~tGJ·:.. .~~-'~.~ik B- d! . ',t,. -..." 0-~~~·lj.p~·~

'~flb~, 'h~f.S~buldip~F)l~d~.fli~i an~,a 'kwa':r'i ~ : j oo:~t yari'tu '1 :k.~ri s ~·~·,~.l1ih1!jllipl ,,18j o~l~ .. 4 :~~ 1
j Dul~ "Sle:i:'ata. O~24 ':k;alIJb)lf,:i.

~Hn.e~~gi. S'ELWg, el·:k.m,tan -d~'D,i~. 'usma 'T:IE!~. b An,da~ 1':Ertall,U.i 'bitlh:~m Us Ma :m.Brunakan &~, il. -... . ,£;"" p~:~ailm.,~ Idm:~ perpjnrd~. ('W' ,_:,;f.' ~' sl P'eihat'ikan -Gmnbat' 1~I_l ber:iku.l~l
'v-"" -

7'Vo

'f" f~~
-c..

i1
~n!m (J,,rril!"

J.J ,p;:-n:cC'hmHl

l"oIDr dll n ,~~ilhff

J .iIiI'i.._ ,6s:::::::: ~
':i~"~'

A.'V
A,
,~

~ ,~iII~"",,

_ ,_-'1, ~
~w"- .,

:="ot ..,,_
,.,

_ ''f'.:r _ ,g -

...

·"'_·~·W r· (V'~ 'V- ,!II.' ' 'J~ - -r'

·.="' .. _.

=,

I<!,e"b~ran,Pl·: 'W : usMa

D., r •~ ,~L,_~, ~~f.I_QUJ'.l

1m
j....;~ u::_,~ ....

~1;J.,:'_1\ ~,,,, I.lor,

'V'l

v~,:
11

: vo lume

'Ie:iI'O'b ~l~" _:::1.., l~W·

em didam 'fuang'mrttlw,p
.p'
;
i'llI"i;iI'i. all, II.IW-QJ~"

,~md, (m' YD ~,um;e. l\\"~;ir' orr) u (

lJIiiIiiI!~

~t~~ibebejfapm,pf'QS~E!StyaiM
.iii!; Ii"iiJl. ~"";I ~WlS.l~-~ ,...II,:"""', P'''''O'ifhi!i;iI!, ,"5i;d-i'Z .... t..,~~L ~ll··"'.I. ~liiIiial-~ .~~I.~J.

:p"as~J

,j~ OTTirte ..........'....'ll

iIll"JaIJ~

'''''!if"'''i!''i;.ili 6~.

riili !."';iiiilIIliiiiiiQ

2~,P1roses tsotermal
d~l, ~i15 p,~, Sun'lll t~'tap,_U\5~ayrut!t~lfak'~lhan :~, 'p~:pto.s,es :~i timik· ~at d~hu1;t·~np1.p~~,=, s~ ~H~, 'wi Idikm:~akan Iteia7" _·'W :_ ;6 ')f oil . r.g -. n~a, it~ :koti8 JbL N~~ ~t d,1s~15a1,= kan den:pt rniilak;man. pen~~e~a:lM s,e'h~i
PYo/S",S,

iSr;}.b\P~~m;d ada].~

pttDs,es'~g'

'-V··:·::C' _, 1

v_

b~erjk;ut.

kat'erMa. u,;' ~i; dan "r :k Ol"i5,tm~mate. IP eL~~va

'W··
J /_

_! _".':,.',

tfR"T
_.J

[~dV '~ V'

_I
l~,

'l11enjadi se,pe~"ti b er.:ik'u,'t,

=' :tl.R:f' hriV

][p~,

=' I1Rrr:bl,'V~-:blY:~,'~

W=;~,RT lh
.

.', '-C' . ("2:)'

iiii!iiiiiIi

..,
.'.

\._

'..1

'\V;

J.
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiili;;_"

I'C.,mD.I(.1) .... ,

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiioooo

..........

,Lin'rua,rno 1 'Si'ua;tu. p, ,idem, ·sr1.lhu~a, 27' .C' metnuai, Slecar.a, e:D ~e~ ...,:I'....... .l: A II; ~." ....... ai"ll~~d;'-j :",~i'.r.T'6'IiI'!i;,iIl.-,~'I!.'~, 1~}Q_~Ul;.J is!__' :.fc. 1~:I~~~'~.. 1 ."il·II!l~ L,_, "!j,~D .... :..:II~~,_'L.,. iI"ii'I,~'L., ~:~ I~~' 1~_~liL~ L-Q "J~~-: .g1~1~Ufi.~1:1 IUILt~Jl,1l ~;
lil{.Iji"''1I;~
t ];

:iil..I'

~,

!~

'~,1..'~ 11l.-~"i~~~J'~JaCJ._~~~-~~1111 ,~i!ii;.."O'OtI,~,--l.~ ~~

,D,Ik;@,fahilj,i

a"
'iIi.. .. ,.". U

,L...,,~,~, !LJr: ~~--l~I!cr---

I~

,!!im·,·!Ii·';·m· ..
t!idj
l'

~y_ 'I

I'"

R' -

Qj ''ill! o.~'!.iJ;a'._

l'

I."

JI"'~O'I:P'
.Ilillli·

·ll!..'\~

= .5 mal
!!'!!!i_,'

iii

~~L

._

"'!t7' ~''''L-I~ ..:

...3!. >~"'i!!ji

~~

~V"

e, ~ 1 := OJ)' m,"
d
·T1."
~

v·!

:= l' 'm, . 1',tS : ,.,

'r.;1··1-~:,~,",~~ 'io',"' ,~. :i~.·~~~~II.. ~'"

1-'IIr_f

1!~':
W

",nRT

h(~)
.

(:>., ,Ill! .~ '=:,o-i!! X .6i~:i'I!' .ill. ~ ~IX ,~ -. - 0"]--

'm ,I,,~-"

"I .~
'!U,,~'

_. ~'1" ,=.~.~~ 'DAI

J"

.3.. Pros1es sQk,orik

c

,P:mSfJ,:_;;, i5!l!'}.lIJ~·,il~ ~: g]~.'~f!OO_ icli:~al:p, ti~

:p.r,[)S es ym:tR id:~i,

I!'I!,J

,..,>1:.

".~_~_u~, ,.1 ....

'

mm~ti,:perub\ml,='

.~, 'vt):hlme, a'tait vo'bJme: tet~ I('A,V ,= fli"\ 'O~h, ~ '.I

'V~ ..
IG>'IimDlll'll1l!'

J.J

,Plfi!'il'.':' ~

M~!M'N\I;

,..

.' r
'i':I'· iV'
•

,~.V, .... m.. --.;. ~u ..r~'~

' ••• _ J

','_

_ __ te\n-- -ilj'"
__

'k~fo~' jan.is,·p, patia tetanan 'te~~ (~,) d.~ ~a~,~:r'i<em~i's!g~_, ,ptuia. VD~~;~, '~e'~,ap (CV). Selanj,Qblya,. P ~rb'_andmPl' ~:U,dmarn.akan, :~e"tap_an Lqllcre.
.p,edl1anQjinsan

,Oen:pn if :meru:p_~

" a·Ill 1'"

'"

1& .

"

. .\j,~, f.-iIii:II.

:' "I' dm!m:l' _. _.

..
11

'. ,.ai"ll'.'
~l~

'b

. l'~ lUi;;
_

..

'JL,

·'i;Ii.

.W' ,~
I",
IX~.l!l;i.i~

r Hd~V'
r: '
_
-

~.

~_

.,',"_'_'-,--"""." '"""""',....L,... v . ,n reo ..... ,IW,' n ~ F"V.' ""'If' It l:~~~

-C_'.

" -v'il.--7 W· = r-'·,c· -'(l" ....:r'~v' '.' = . Y - if - .' 1-, r"

1'R

't..
'1',-

. ,e

l~-= =~

r ~f'l, 1" .....".

!i"iii'
_,

~,

';0

'T'" oII~<I"

'Ii'_"~=;r

'W- ='1.-..", 'W!'u P'I,',II 1 ii"'mi ~i...., 'v,'\ "

:Padja 'bab 'VIII .Anda ,t~,.1Sh :~em'hahas, mengamai, 'en-~.r:gi, ~Jan:m, gas
I;l1;D,nIQ,a:tmm,ik~ ¥da jU'8:~' :R),B~'g",tM:'B\i lbah,wa

U ~ 2l~'RT;I'

'mu,.,

Hitungli'lt ~'saha'ymB' djlm.man, 2, mol p

ideal mORDsliomik pada

·V'D:lll'~~f5Ieml.da.. ~.

Pi ideal j.&,a.'v·olUme·ak~h:b".n,ya:n1enj~i;.~hir.' m~.n~di

i~

su'hru:.t

KI cre~·tap'mLap,la::~:('7'.) .=. 1,:2;)rrlkll!.~ld, ,:, ':r~. :=,If:iOD :K ,a,

b, ~~ '~mDi e, .R ';:. ·~3lJ/ml~ll.·'k 8

'0 V' =-:0,~Oii! V -~ '~. --~ ':1 =
,.~L,

:Dd:an~at1::

. '1-' :='L!I'!ii - -,k Vi ~ :__ ,"}.

J~:

TI,d,~jj.:d.en~.

7_.vt~i
.~ T
•__ . c,

:ple~:~

P~~i.v.fhj6n, P\D~dQ

'=: .

I.

:=-.

T~l(~ __
""

'l;~l1l"-J
'V~,

)l""""::Ii'

1 .....;...,v, .1,": ~~_'l

=fID~v."
'=;5243'~ Usdl.a padn, pr~e! ,ad~a'tR, 'UR,'tuk .. :i~ed,rn[DnD~jtQll"dk'

Vi'

= t~liI-Tf.)
;3' =~ 2:
)C

!~x 8~',!1l, K t600 ... ,522\i 3) '\:

c

Jedi,,-,besm·.n;fEl 'usaha. yBlll~g di.1aktlkan :a.dalah 1l.9361J~

=: .1.986

1 1 Ro,mpefensi 1..1 ••
Je~kal jm-a, :paa.pv.mu Bo'bmik bui*u, ~huk·t.un ~: Lu&~ Je~'%m j ika~pada,ptO~le8 isJal·e~~ kne:rb'&y. nrulkum, ,BQ,i~!, ' ,lampo, jEa p~D_5;es ~I!l!'~pr . 'be:~',~u bUkt.un Im~ [tlilisfd m 4. Suatu, rabU(ti '~'tu.PI '~8' VDb.fm~a. ~ ~.u:el· e~ ~~, 'SSP 'blethk~~ D
1..
'b' 8Jkn~

ftya \8 ,k~U 'va'- ij'M !!liemu _, dan j,lit>a, •

....:I:;,iiI'!i"Ii'I!!i,'i"t"lin;.,.,~ .... ~ ~~IiII::IIIJ'~~ll.'!l.r~Ii~~IIIJ 'niS,~1 ~ lr-~~·~
,ii'reIo:1l.,. ,~"""
)l:l!ll;~l~IIlUJ;I;~1

pa4a 'tekanao ~e'~, leb.. iIl;ga. v~bBue~

,_'.:;.,

'l:"ituD;~ 'Us~.'yan8 di'~U;t;m lolah. ~

'-tB ~ftif1 f!l;lllL~r'
.

jika 'S- :_emu.~i

" "':Ami)

5.

m.enjadi 5'e'fetlpli 'kalJi :&lI!ft'lM.da ~(la:m =' tDlD)! , pre:rhatikan ~'ba' dimSl'ml1 ·di '<!!:"~ip'tiri"'li 81 i:rr-,ii"Ii iCo,;;,,.:Il., 'I_'L L -:.. "'·~,I~~ 'y'.. ~iII!'!Ii\'g" 'U<!I!: ,~:L,.P.!IIo o ·iIIi IlrWilf\'~/lI!')Il~:
~dll,~~l: 'II--I.J ~" '1.

s ehtnap. 'VD'l~jeq~,

'1:&"

'~,A

·\~i·"1

~uk,an

ID~i~j:h ~

tu:dUk ,proo f!S ,Aile,

,

•N•h
:l,or:d 'YI;i'~Ii:IIb, ~ID.:S'O\D. KlelwD.

(llY ,_~.,iM)

derqnrt :!ki'il1&iQe,'~vin ,b@!lekangn~J ~ meru:"9JT.t nOll :mt1,'r~ ,k,8f,~ :S'~u, ,palm:e;r jt!E;nd~, Y1m:B' b i~Q, ~,ma;rilpli~ml\f y:a1 ttl benda, t~,~ '~,

'Wil1:~ nunm~n l~tel~ .'~ 1~J;~ fis;ik,~ BJi nia:teowtilt~ pJe\l]}em1Lll I(melrln~i, 7U'Jlm: pafeR)I~' lLWu 'blesaff~l :Pl~IlPmlB'Jck;n :p~e;~ideft:R~ mcu::~Jejlty~ :~~a,W'ttr Be:Ilf~:t,:k'm:d!~:pptpla~,.,:~ Jurd ,lLl2~ G·e,~ 'bW'l~5!'I81, Lo~d ;ia 'fl~lliJ]eb ~i :Rs:ttt ViC't'Of:i.a. KaremhSI k:s!"cE!1'I,dUanrtvet; r 'Darla '~,sia, 10 ttahun ~ ThC:Il15ilO:iAi, :su,~, ffiaS'uk t1n~:V!Ulitm" Usla :1.5 bdluot ~~.lkt: lDtl IlMii!rt\IIia. ~Jj. ieu::nen' 'medau' eIillm km1eR€ii,: .... an;pmyaJlWlB IIl1J!l~H~ , ~l!!I~ 'be_f~fudu,I ~'&i,bJlm,r Esri'i ,bn:t(,JIn'g' ,B]t~t,ul~ ,B.r'Jt~i'i\iI'. 'U'B1B ll7 ta1;UJI'l, • :meram, :p;Iiu' B~ ,~i U11i.me~sUas C~~;iap dan dii.,~Btait meftj~i ~ be:sar 'pel'. me 22 'bmun di 'U~ivers.iias" Gt.~l~ T-abant :1818, T,h~oO mjfn~~m.ukakan ,~ata suh!~ mtl].~Jm,n~ 'Nc{
I~
~

.!

l~

.-- .

'I.:{-

..

,r

'mHhM~~:iaD, P~l

lJ'le~~lkil' ~tU~, 'Ja, :meni~-ai,liwa :~'. ~dan, '_~Jfe~ Sle,Ie'[:ahmene~:k:at\, Btl,i-:min~m~~ b~~iJl:}l~ 'Si~c"' r~V'oJi:';r ~B: ,~t ..Ji dan mer,ru:anpap ~m:yruruis '~lik, .Iem_ah ~ be!h_~ :if memman,g.karlJ,e:1 'fe;l~e,Braf i ~. d a:ru;o,ud~,r\a At'~:t& ~yaniB,m~IJ:sl1~1;l~o~an ant_$ta, 8,eoua,~efil;}a, ,dan :Be~,~, :Bro:pa

,ana

cOO·.d "

:~'~U,~ji'ill 1m.1J t_OIlI

:Ilnu~t

Ir/A'rll

,H'u~mn 'TlrJzril 2tlSSiJ

'G,aJ~bar9%6i

'U,nru-k 'me,mMan1.i ,p~f'S ~~ leI"5~bu.tjll p,e:rl,at.i;an 'lftfrrdJa. [)$~:nf: dan :ne,~t~ l~;~Ida P
"__ .,

__
II.,

'ti@pi-,p
....._'. JQi~) '

s,eiraap jlJl~ik:lllrl::'
1."
- -- ~ ,memEllS'Il.r;;.:I,
,~~

Pe-i'a"tut:_

tan!u, DlIls,ii,if ,cL:1Q Ju~:pa,tl'ada'~m r· . Q---"!!" ._.

0' dit.mi:B1e:ap'

'''''''-'S;'JS;n:::U1"

p;ltl.5:i,:~if (-H--) :~pabi]a, kalar

W('I')
I

2:_ W d iran ggap p CNi U'lt .(-+) ~palb~la '~ui'saha

Cilat:Ukm ICjj~eb,':~D't~'m~

'3_

G-n:- _~.!hrrJ. ir.f.llbfdf/ ~ rflll';IiI,'jI AI;.!' ·diM'~lap :pilQS;Ulil,' (+') ,apa~ ene,f',~, i:)a '':'HIIMrHOli!'il' l~tII d.dMl ~$;iS,tem 'ti!i£!,t'tMlbM~ 4:. Q. 'CHM~, ne,8~fu' (-) ap-MiJa, ka1!!l1r k.:e:IL12f' dlati. s~'mm. ,5~ W' ~iM:Bgap n~,:.tif -) 'ap~bUa, Imgk1t.t'I]"pn melak'Ukan ~u:taha'pads, (

s-l's,'tlem.
6~

AU" dmBBlP

ne~tif

I(_;)'apabila, en.ert~,~,

siitem ber:t'~an8r<

,B!e1~deem"k&l, 't'@1~r], k"ine,t*, :p, lene_~gidahm ~tl)DlH'U,PBml e,n:ergi 'm'tal m~'Jeklll-·mcdeku.1 gm 'yan"g be~li¥a, :tel'~pn,WniB'p~l'hljttm'l~h, miDleku.~, (N) dmn fj,tlhu ffil'l'ttat gas (7).
U" = NBa =, Nt (~'IT)j1' dengan,
'~

t :s,ei:ba:pi de::r;sg's:t :k,eibiBbman. em" mo.noatomik' :memp1:lnym de:r,ajiel,:t 'tEl'b@:ba~fan t [::: 3. EhlUgi
~ii'

dalarn
~ !l!:;!!i"""""

,~

IC!~"

,;I!'~!l.W"'I'!IoII,_':U_U,ij;;,

'!II'}'W"II

1Il1'"-9""-m'

::;li' '!!!'Il!i.LliI!II~_
... ~U~

'j

y: -

:r -- '£'~J "2:-- II;;,;I;.J" '~-TG',_:1t~,

l.

.0'

.Y~,..:111-, ,... ','L.,'ii'I'\iI1!o'i'!i' ~ ' ,.i!;~"L ,!I;;:U'i;",. ~,iI',"""

,~'IIioI'~

~l!;i'IiA\!!,

'iI!I!iii"Io;lI!i;i"~

''''';II''I,~.,

:!!:lji~'

:d' ~'~~, -~~u

'mnn'M~1Jm~, d·~::II.IAor.'fI,'If-".. L.~ &1II,~j,~'U~t;,U,L

U ::=' iMT~ P,E!l~u;b<~ ·ener.,gi ~

'li'"!il~~:~'~--;l
r'I:'J""ioa'~.~'I~

3:

p :mencatoOlDt ~mt:
:2;'
,Jiiiiili~

,.~IDr:;;,~.

~1Ia;1~~~~

'U' :~..[1' '1" g,,'. .

~
'!

.... '

.3: '~U' '~ ,.2. ,i1i,\I:i!\\, ..'I. ...... ~~I·rT.

'i,

;~I

"

...... ,

3' i".'j~t. :2 Jl:"fl!'L A .lif:'il JI:••

t:~I,[ I.,:' /!U'> ..... iI!I;illm ~d-I~~

,And\fl,akan:~mel:ill'e.r,~k!~ hu'tlilln I t:e!nuGiid-m~ika pada ~e'@~pa;t.P:['iOS,@S : 21.. ~ .~.: . J ,,',U, lp' "'"'011 a!l' '~~l.LC".tlJI~:~1 ~'I: ~~i""ib-_~L :iii", Iil'iI'L " ... !L~_. ~"''''''i' '~d-~...,)'L'!Sot-":;iII.., ;UJ,I'_c;u~&~~~, :,,~, iIii:Ill~l: ~.-~~ ~'UIK.!iiI;'1 m, ~II-Il, ~/.:: ~u:.w.~f 'z..
-~'tC:ii:liJ ~Ii ~ ,...... '""'........
_,' 1 ..

'Per!iu, di~kankan,
J

b~m'k~nI~p

us'Elha (iN) p,ada, 'ble;!~baF d~;cn'~n.akm'larl~"'I'-nO"pada. , 1~;Hka5/ nukum,I .,1,=;. . ". cr,~, . ICI!, , -r" ,. 1 ,. . .

~en'tan1g;:pef;tdJ~ enJergi ~, (AU'), dan, prlo.S\es }lml.S teh\h, d:ibabas 'se:belumnya ,Man,
'm " ..

'tumadinamika· • .

'0,1....

pe.•

t"'Baui
,n...,
:3 'rl'R iT

Tam-"i •••

a_a I
,Dta
'--.<

,t!;U

= S .' ~uc~!;gAT :2

n·,~w ~'=--'
W' w_iRft'RR'
.

:~, ~2

..

_.,!#":I.

.. _]:; "!;
- ~"

:~~,fi'l(]lp 1'27'-'C p~

,_~:b:w.'truBl,S~;pml~
:D1k;ei'~u:i : ,a
b,
tli
:=:

id~ :monQ~t.gma: 'siUbjun~,CIm~'kjan, ~'I2,"" C tn'EfAija{U '~ekavt~ 'm~_llta,k.1ln"il,~:da umum R, ~8,~31 p J/mo~

p~danJt~,ot Y~B' diper.l:utan~··

'Z,filIO,m
c. T . . :'1

ien~~~, ~,~~ u-s.a,y~g'd~~an

,. .

oleh

TI ,~ 27' + 2,73 ~ Sf)!:;tK ,= :s:;,3i J/;mol It

_ '''!iI
f

D·

-"'tan- , __ Gi\UJi ~ . ···<1·~ . ,yak'..... "." ,,,,,,",,",.... ,..... . _

d. R

= 1'27.··'T 273' =,400 .

,K.

4U -

J~:
,a,

b. PI' c.

=1 a = ~If'

l?_erubehan ener-~ dabIn

6U

- =. i,,~~IZ'~\"l' ! _. 3D{. T.) -,

_.r"""

_,.!n')'j"g "lt~I)'lAii"'lii""ll 1'I;'!;;!''''';.i!'~, \~'-~'i

.~"rI

'r-

Us~aY~~B dl~uk~

W':, piAV
e,

P' ~PI (V1 ~ V~)=n' R (f~'~'T.J

til]~,

:= 1 x S~l n, (400 ,-3(1J)

= Lffi2I 'f,CailCir. yan;s' 'di,p,er:~u.k~, Dile~,'P'

= all:
_,

,iI '111;;= -!~"~!-" J'

'W" = 2.~i'93+ 'I, .Qb2,

C,,, Ka1pasi, as Kala

~Ka;pasil~, ~km(a'.t ada:~ab, 'ban.yuuya, :k,.,h:n,. yml.:g. CbpIUilull:~ian_ un;bd~' 'mliuml~kan stlhu '~,e'b e.sat' :1:t'ewm_ .&ecm·~ tt.tatIltllBijs dapmLt.diit:tya~oo deopl,
,p:elf!.atll\~m,~er,~,u;t '

V D'~"""'~'!i3'AnAl Iii tl!iii:ii_1I. '~Clk''',!t)---

....

Q : :kalOrr yoog dis ei'Fap. (I)

C
,u,i:
~,Il'p

: kap-.:i~
•

_:t.., ,- -~ - ;i'ik":) :p,el, ~bJw.-lmit S,'L'lU.u, 1\....... .

- '-, ~ ;..
I IJ ..

'~:aJo~'IQI1<)

Pers~ k~il'ierlaku UIl'tuk ~ t,(a1or'tl~Cr:- GI dibell"it,an kenada,~ ''W:l'tu-t 4_.'b _. _ '_" rl° . "IC-" mel1;aik,kan std1runya cmpat ~l€&uken pada_ ilekan~ '~e,Sp ,(pros es isobar&:) afau pads ~C!ll~.me: tap (p~'oses iso"kGll"ik}Ol)ah '~al"~na,m:tt.J~,pada :p ,~.dua, '~.e Jm:is k,apm,nas \_01'"'" yaih1 'kapaS,,~t&S hato,r pada 'm':~ooan ,8~ap(el) dan, kep.ss ilB5, kallm' p'ada,v,o:1ume. tEl'tap ('c;.). Secar fnafeMaitls dapm' .ai'll;! Us s epeF:U III!I! b- ... Z~'~i'iIi ,..,
I '~fl

r·r_

...

';;I ••

l~'

l_,

0;;

~.~ ,mll~l""h

M'- i..,_ - -

,1"!i.,e"l!~f.'a.n;Pl· fil ~V :''11..', .... 1,M'" "1,"ffl'n'ifi" _,,~ClIJ~4 ,~-~ "Ig'

,.',1['

- -,

·, :kala' i'''''''~b'': .':,' ",,~, d,I .... - '(~'a mb"erikan -~...:I

e:Jj_ L

4':.'b-, "!I;;_~',iJfi.~ nP;;L".._..

[I."

padi9 ''Ii,~ '~''" . _ "".~ ~~;~

i'ri;

'I,-"'i,,,,", I1~J

)i;i';i;'~5iiR il!l;;~'

't8;M'ltM te'~ ' . ':,' .": ': ~

'H~U;k'~mter~ldinmn:ik,apadlstprDS I

s. ,boobmris

0, =:AU + 'W' _,,' sled!anp,M,

u:nl'uk P'~'Qi!i,;eis i~,ll1Z1ibarik ,~" =: 6U_ :S:i'la, :kledua ,·p.ers&Il1aan, dipmd:n,:gl:lMl~ dipera l!eh:

IG"
!!wI:
.....AiITrI

=:
,£.I i;,

Q" + 'W'
,_ '_',

C',;',',U,;Ii A'1!J'!i

--

'n Ji; r-,u ''I\l!'! ¥\'

(:C,

oao

C:v)14T

,=' ,A'V

1[., Untuk Gas 'MOtnoatomri

1-"

C;.., _, 3.,l'Jl'R' , ~ '2

~"._-:. ':.

I...... ,_
.

L.,. ,_ -"
,.; ,I"

e~' , ,¥'
I

,J.. 'I

.L",

'R" 'i/'li

__ ,_.'

1,

3 u;~: ~
,
I"'

,~
~

,j!;I,S;

·u :irni 9f""';I',~
, .

,_,
,_

5' ,_
'I
.".

L
~

iI('I! 'ID ,r'~i.i."i.,

I',

,I::

;;II ,_,_,~'II'"" ,_ ~';I!

'2

'"1

'

z,

Untuk, ,"as

iatom~'k:
P dtatom.lk D!ertm1.1im
... ' , ,I ' , ',' "

be5W'~ H,m. mi, cI1Sebab:km, ,pada s,un1lA,sledm,g- '~el"~eif', ene.rgi l~, e'~it fID:bldlo' m .5 edDn ~an .p~ $u'hu (ge'tar~' p).'~-",". ',." :tinggi b!rd.,a,i enef'gl IfBietik f'D'tmd dan vibras-i
1 ,,', , ,,'," :" "'

Pads. subu.i'e:da1i,gJl'lmlpUl1,'tilnggi, ener8i~,

a,

P:sd a S IJJhruRe.n daftl (T <: 16D K,)

411 '=':'i,H~:'-~"3.::.RAT <", ,

l""

~' -~. -ifJ.iIO:'.

'D

,I

c, ~.2,··
.....,.
,

~MT
tJlI:' ..
'.

15 ,,_

,
l
,

~~n~
2,'- "
.'

~'
.

l.,

C' ,~=~ f' . €'

,. .,

,_, S.

'_ '2,

-n~
J -,-,~"

'1'.

'Y.

'_

'-

--, ! _.,,(te~ ,5< - ,1l\j(4~

,-.e

__ , ,

Lap,~e)
' ,_.

,.;... . ;'i'i'"

~r..~"~'" ,L

,"

(~
,

= ...,.'R. 2,

I '~ 'tf

'=- .
.~l

ir":!i
'

1"'!._

,,j""!I1

......

'-if!!!!'li

.' ~I,~
,
"!!!"""'!!' ~

:ijI '~':

[t"'ii

'?
~

ti'.

-'P"

'~-.,' .
,,I!.,
"

'~

~1Ii1ll:&',
""!II, L

~ '7 ~'. ,,,,,,n '.

.

128 "'_,
~ .• '

m,Dlekuln~ '2,8, ,.~,/mID~ ~ '~·i;~'K :pada.:pr.mes ,~obaE'*, :mettWu'~, kdnt 2!~:l ,a, :H.tilun'fWl:k~~ ihlsl:ahtt ..r:: . ~,~~, _. tetap 1"?~ k~~itas 'karuoc ~D. ~..... _' ~,_., ;-. 'pa~ 'vfi;lWrie 'fe.~' 'b. ~a:i'bfig;wh~k,ator'y~,g dip.erlukan, 'Uft'tut. 'm@~~bm., ':p. dm-;, ::2)S'QI':K :me~iad]j 3:3C1 K, ,padil.'v1liJ:[~;e :m'tap~
'~uatu,p :~I~~,

1,Gran'm dan

~S~

!~,

01

". ~

'iD< :L'I"",.-.....:'i;..'.[ .. ':, LQU:iL:~~,

.~ Iiiiii

_~ ~ "Oi'. _

lie."-"j] tJ!~1Il

~ ,........

'7' 'Df'~ rI ,t:rj~,~,iL

," ~,,"CiIIi'&~.I' l .
_I

'bl. M' =2B, .: -/mc'~ ~

·'n/!,~ ....

1~1~~1:71~~IIIiJ

,-'t-~·~I. .,
.. ~

e. 'T:t = 2:80 K: d T;.. := .!3cr K: ... s. ~,I =' '2~ 9Cll JI fJ

"'I
·C·· .'.

"

.:iii.

,4-";' C; =: . ',. -r+ " .~All .

'b.
,a

av' = ...?,

"Ii

..... If

'~.m,.ite&'kamer' :~, C
=:~ , 4T'

te~SD,

'tie'tap &1n, pada/\rolume, 'te:'mp',

0.... :

zsee _,3~q,_, 8(;.1 2

,=,51 JIK

r
A ..... ~ .... __ .~i~ ~"III, ~ ..." ....'III... ·'IJ-,;,.·.':'L....:I1 ... 1\.:, - 'II . 'L!I3"b::U:!III~ ~il'lJJ,JiU

,":l1l,I"

!I\"i,iJ-· --

m,' ".,

=:58.- __ ,X 8,3.1
. 1 .' I_I

(1 4
,
•

.. )...
,...iI"

~I

'b. :KalO\i" 'yang cHperl$BiJl,

~92'JIK"
•••.•.....

a ,_, c
~." _,

"- IV'

aH£

"-'f'l!lI'

=.,55~~92 (3~ -:2~1 )(

:=. "),;100

1,-

~a\ti 'tan~i~Dltqn~~~4
:~sU!Rtla~ ~~ .~. l~~,

m5 berm,! p :L'qlal :ma~OObn1k IQ~ ~:_, ~Ii!~u"tdtp~kanp~dj-tti~~, te'~i'_SII!h:m;.,

pen:lh~liml,f!IT~r:gi dal2IJu P ... ,U!~

's'ull(m~¥~ fl1en~~, 'J:r C'., :"l~~

d:U~rdt'u'k_arlmJl~, '~~' ~
~'

jk~nr ~g:

.:1.

!ada '~ekan-an IblRs'~:.gjldc:l~Pa ,d~tl;~:,~i 0 lit@r :m.efil:~arb,2. :Ii~et.,~~'b·~mi..'itM"DSeS te~S\sbu.t I~me:~en-~ k,aiot slE!Jllesar .,11 "r"':· r""""" ,400 j'~'-.llle." ,~a, hibJ:9.I~~ah d',M~, y~,tJ '~,11aku.,M ~cl~,eh 'Pl ~ !m~,
I I

.I~I\~
~II

pH1JJ'~

,eurgi ~!

Kat.Dr. ~enis-p.,~'f~Q.nB == ]1:7)' :~,~'ltlme.,te~pd.!lm, (My :Hlkul&Wh k,a1c~'jen:is p :pt~, ,~~, 'mtap~

to oU ,~I"]K~

1..

ena i!'_ -,ian SiTus

s khlt~

:is'D'l-er~~ is olbm'ik~"laran ,iSl~k.,Qr,ik.S:is,tem. men,j-alan il, -p:r.' ns 'es, 110 hu:ma.l dar i k tel-adn~ A !Sam,pid BiI' ke:m:u,'~,ian ~;Etnja'lat,..~ ptDSte.s

,adalM rs;tlEdu rangk;,aian: sedem'ik:m, :r~,pa, 5'ehm~~ _hIr.n~ k,emhali. k~p;adaJ~::,,~ 'siemula [.I19,1"balt1ikmlGmnbar 9'. 7J M'~sa~ny:ar 'be;rdapa't sua'bJ, [S'i:!kbJS!, t@rm·o:d::1nan"i-Ks, 'yan!" 'me:~ iha'tkan, Frl~DlSes

. I:

~.::~

is obar"ik un

ru~~ :n~Ul!'ll:gtlb M. '~. 't:"~m dar jj, :~5

II;#Jjf

_1Ii",.:J

5/J.1uil'-~ "~mll1!dm~ f~~' "U

-- . k ""''''"' ~'.-.. .~... .-

',_l

B--:-';
.

1l

'k. ""', k'e~' - _....c -",,'"

,'"IE _ N,;-J_.' __

...

~,:_,'

'I....-,'Ii...--..A,

---', ''"'"7,~ ...... :t... ~.e .r-..iI!'au.~ ~~,.:y:~.

c=--

C .~, ....0;1 ....... ~.~,

'~··:""h~'.u:''''''J'~ · ,i~'\m --

!,AI, \_G;.r.+

~'hJm~-' ·0,....""" ...- ~ '"",, -'k'- ·~ik·'-. 'm'-. -'mlJ" -~ya- r,'IIIj. ""'''''- -- ~~-.~ ~' , .. n~,-:-~,--, ..;ili""""" ·,A·,".k· e _ ea~,~ -"}c., ;.A",,~;o ,~,,,, 'L.~ ,J,:"',r, D~es ,~emu
I\k~'"
:_,
r .. .'': 1

!I,;;IIIg'EJIij

inI LIiiiiiiiII~

. ""'....

!lii.hI•• ·

T:

.'

,m " .. . IE"~

.!bI.-~_

.~,~"". ''''.' Ui

-'to, -15·' ~:~,

_'lE'ilnl.,III.,

t- DII'"Ii"'1II - --

k_'. "",,.,....,,.. ElL_~~.

.

--b--'m' .
.. -_. .IIl

I~

ra.

"C',',

.. ~,

".

,-fI;~'~""f'~C

'i\..'I--' ,~.!ELr;;,. ••t.-." ........ !!'a~:~.

'~,'liIirln,b,'-~I~i 1IfI, ii!." ,L,!!;iI"Io.11: .~.I ,~,..:;,

iIi.,:.., ....

~~,;I,

~...........d,.Ii;P m,. i'iim~FIL.~-·Y !fWc.".~',""",-~GlLL

;Ii ,I

"!!I;:i:.., :!!io1!JJl.-UJ,.•

.&I,':'I!.." O.-If!' ,~:LKII'~~_

Apab :j1a,.~"!!, h;~:~. e'bu, ' 'ber la1l;lP.,u.n,:!· ~!!!rus :me n.erus; ·kalilmll'. yan B ik tJe.r.s diihH'it':an i~a:t· diltillJM. m!njad~'l:l~aha.mek,~·~. T·i!:·tap,i 'r,iid.~. *~,remua .ka1!~.r' · dapat di~b,ah m'~llja:di uii,eha, Kaler ym,s' dapa:t diubM 'm;enja~li. 'U$ah~, hanya pads, 'bagimn :Ym1jg'diars:f:r (dtr'm'~er"),s,aj,a (Joe~"h:a:tik,an temb.i Carnhar' 9':7). :B,e~'cm:smr:k8m, 9.. blesar 'u~sa1"la. 7 y.an·g berm~aa!t adala'b, lues· dae~·,M,jtB:CA Seem'a, :f;r~a:tematm dapaJt' dihlUS 5.epe1"'~ibe~rku ~'. i

Gmnb.
I!""

. W = If ,9oT'
1fi.!!0.4!1Oi!01i

n~..:L-.11(V\'l,_,'V::" 11.
'Y''''l
r'\ -

'IIi'.'

',1/

, U~~,-'I,..~..... lb·

,i!!i!i1'_- ..

!;,I,;[

,~~1_1 ,~~"..L.:, ,r-·oII. """"" '""""' .' ,:a.~, n'i!'fi~~i.i.:'·1·'~~~'~ m!li 'ii"'!io.;~ae r I'll,
~,iIi

(~'_,1_~1,

~U!:',q,U,~ eJ'(",!lii'i.a ea'~'-~I.W.IIJ 'ii:"t!n~~1 ~ iIfi;;, :11",,_ ~,._, .Ir:WIii:all:'!I04Ii,'~' 'iu=ift'lil .IIi"'M,Io!!\!!

&0, 'belnia'l1;E!gafif j'.i.ub er~laR,Sfahlltl~~.jarlWlljam.

'P~ba1i1a1l.energi

~.
s~

llU :un:ruk:mh15ik.1~ 5arnadmgannltl;~,(Al.l ~OJk.l~k.I~1~ d.engan. h·.eadam akhir.

'0-

2,. S'ildus Ca_

'B~!~~'k~.
1' ~~~.L.._ ...
..,3'; . ·L,..ji.

p~oc(;l'b~,
,..... ~~

:-ID'Y~~'

.d."~~u:~,bM~. '
,
'1.; ._ .. 11

te~
,... ;L.,,,;,1l...

:ro)~k~
eni~~1
IDB'5,jn.
. • '(;"_11_ ,~o~'~_o_~ b.!"!

:S:~Wu_nlUr,:('!;m, mU:ruoiBU'l1lm:e!il'!~ . :;;! ~.. . :I...

s e,lurtlh.",~· dlju,'la~, .menjooi. Im,e:r,gi, m:~iartI;.? Adak~'.

:Pr~js;il'

mer:;t1"!: ..~·euor: t:l~.

,!l.~,EU1.'11iL~~ .~~~,!. ..'

1I:\::r'

l~~t d$p' r~!~',

~

II;;

:m.eF!lFbd,:k,eMgf,'~e~meniGtti,l.\;lli~1''Pa&rWtun,

~:g ,~~~: 182~-.~eaE'~g,~in~'

:Lie·on.ard;~Sadj C~l;'U~lt~ ,me:mp'e:t.k~~fl.~arru. m,dbHde,b~ ,ttn:tuk, mtn.m~~tk'mI. 'e.rm.:iemi Sluarru l'neSifi 'b'H®aYkan !sikl~S U'S~1LlaM"~m,de:~fis'i!E!m.:i adi. C:_atno t m;~~e 1lmlju'my~, ik,enai ,s,eb~;pi ~i$l",~r~~ s d C~:tno,t::. 'Slit ius, CaTlO t Iterdiri atas ,e~r· :pl'lm;~~: ,~'hJ ,pr'(]5iI!S, :iaam't:~
,NicIl~'
I~.

h~keb~.~

~.Il.

..J;~...dt..,_.

'ibIlIIJIl,a.prcses, ~~aU.f.;'·~
_.;j~,,",'k. -

- - ~ - -'

"tL

'n-

Jrer,W:i~tLm~

Jb ,.:..~~- - p - ~JL.. -

__ an1var ~

- IEliI.o, '6 - ~~~ . .w} -

7~iIOJI uBif.m.)~,L!!

'~.u

'~I'pml~
~

'~tIi'rn:l_o:d,-

'B,Brdasa(k~. Gmnb~ 9,:8·'lijl.re'~'t~ s,iidUs..1~(]lf s'ebap 'lbter'ikul .PtDa·es ,AI adat~ p,e;muaiafi. :i:sa't~pada, :slunu. T.~~:Pada,Pr.OSI~' in.I
1iIf.;'"
~.~I~ ijj.~~ ..

II;;;,,~

. ....,..,.1i!F'itl_~ "iII,&U:;;·.IJ~" ~_I;

.......

:l. ....11i!"i-P0.. ·.·~I.".....~ fi.i;iUlJ.d!.I, "1 ~~~

~~'~

~I; .... ...,:ii'IIfji;~ ·'iI;o.l !t,'· ,.;IL\..;,,~, ,h."'t'i,Icn:ri .. ....... 1ioiI'.IjIi, ILJ.II:Ji ..iOillJJi,~&'Il; i..II·!Ii,t::iltJl'"

I)'ii"il ~;;;I:""",:,,", m'riJ1....)'R:.;· ..L.....,... .11~.~ '. ,q;;;.iIii:Uii.' ......~.~.

.!Ii;_",!!i.U~.

...;1...

W··,.'' s. .

,Ptes:~ ,S'C ,a~

:~';rlil"I;;..'i" 'fl'.~~~fo"o""'" ·'·ioil"i -A""",-,,'L- • ~'''''ILU .... ;l:II~U3HIIo I~WIlJ. UJI,I, ~., ,[

·rl··'......

:pemu.aian, adiab,aLtik. S'elanla

'oi"i"'ifi'nf~t..~.'i ..,,~.'j;';le~ '.I:'m·'·.'16_~j'~'d'-1! ':1 ,~,~'~~i,t c 1I:'JII"Ii!'~' iJ_,I;.I!IU,d, .I"LII.~,~ .... I'ii.~"," ~ ",""g~,1~

T-

:pf.iOS;eS

ini berlM~11:tn;8
..... 'II'\!!,','

""'1.1:"

B,.

'P~I~e<'s
II ~~·L~"I

CD '~
L£-'r,

'5S tem, :meneril'riia,

'... iI!I;i"iI,....:I-' ... , ~
n...i!"ii~6~ I--;Ii~l~.:-,~!

usana Wc~dru1. :me:lepss

I .,:~·~!111~!Ii-~I~,~j~.~,~

p~pa!~,

i!lCI'~inal,.~a;~

s~lh,u,Tr. P:?t~.,~osies ,:ini: ,ka1!Drr.'Q_:, f"e5 ervD:Lf b.eF.S;~U, ke

I."

"D"A ~Ac~l~iJrL p~'ii'Ii'!i'~If"'II,;iIi.~, ,~~~!L:U'i. ... .... ....:IJ.-'ii...~'~'L .. 'Se"~-''''''p"'''o~'ee ..... ,' ~'d;I~'i!~L. ~ ~1~lIZ1l: ;.'~. -~, dar), ~1 :menjadi T:1 ak;'i,ba:t,:meneJ:im:iria, U'smla WD.A,

'';1 ,j,"",~ e,1~!lI[:I. ~tll:!l.UI

l-'!j -

e:~'e:'-t'em'
~:~1

_:: L'

nl;l'""!li

''!Iot'.i.l ......

iI"\~';W'; v~: .ru T .... ,

::-

'1'.11'1'" ~

:I!'II'-'~Ii

..

',... .
•

n_ ..... "1'" 1 ~
'

. ,;J
"_'L. ".

'n.. ".:I=""""
.~~-L

:mm:l.tiU.".K'm~,

~'.-.,;;: '1'..,""'

St1.~M. nl.es'~J' ,Bw.:IS)'en!;1J. :meli"~lJ]~~~ !MllUltu, ~w.~·tpr'

-,

t,._

1il',_~'iL.

:ymg' pl~t:\'~iR.gUi]!rmk m\~s, in :k alcr"" etiS:~e_rud.:Mes in. (11) dim,],) m>k.ml· gm'j ·p"ru·ibandin·~. tls,~a .ya:n S·~.U~~ilJ:kan·~e;F\b,~dap, :k,~l~l~' m:w u'}~ yang ..... dibe'r..JM~ SiI!~a. ~Jb~:nm·t~ ~Iil't ,diMl'mltmt ;s,e:b~~1 'beritu,t ~ ~r=I

l! n - ..1.;--,)('100- .. .
, - I' -

''Ii .

... ..

7:;

'J'a

Ol_

K e~,en,'Ba.n: fit : iefisiensJi f.n,g,m, Cm=n(l~' Ti. : :5';'tb~1.reietv'O(·- ·bel'.s,uhu. 'tinggi I~) . suhu :rQeI'V'O'ir, 'beof,5,uhu fendM. 0<)

r!, :

:f!f~ i~si. y.\M:I. p~iOg 'lU!iS~m' Ear,errua mem,pakit.Ul Mes,:m, ideal yang' h~ya, a4a dfi 'te;o[i ,h,t~~ 'ti~, ada, m,~jn yan:f!mre~pi~tn:ym. letUsien.-,melebih], ~f~:iJe~s i ,m:~sm:k,tdor. e.~nQ:t. ,B,.tdaark~,,Pi!B~, ' .ai. ,atM 'mrlma:t '~f:i:s,~nsl :ED_~sin::l;aillQrr' ez.,n,c:dttu~~ ~!rp1 ru'ftg pa& ~u'hu, .k ed'ilJ:artandOfi, ,ell!!faut res:e:fVQ~. 'Un WE :mend~tpa .M, •
:Efi$,:i~i m5\w, CarQIalt:me~~ml ,
I~ I:~,

r.iit.~.r;,~6~ifl"~ e;. ~L. 6iC~ .I;;;,'!!:I!::'~.I~l. iIi:II~LlI,~~,

,'_'_..;I._',t.,., L:!~ ,

m'

-_i-"":f~-'I- ~,I ..... .1-"~'115"'" ,iii, ~

,..... JiI:<Ii'U_I. 1~':I.il!I'!"'! ,I'I.-~ _.ri'~,~_,'! 'L."~e-n~, :h!U. , ,1,:11, <eC';""," ,fi"aJ."';III.,.. ~,,,,-,~._ I, .:II .... ,~ 't~_'I~, '~.e'. u~~ V,JI!::,i I~ ~,lli!'<li t

,- ,.£,'U.J

"li"ii"iii""!iQt

~,

:.:I;'~ ,'U, u:u; LUUJ'; I~ :1,

~!

-'h- - - '...........

,..:I'","",

'ill'

'I! ,1Ii"&:-!id;o;!l

'ill." - ... ~ <i~

0' '='.',

'Ib!'" ,Ir';...

'·H' .... 'I "eg,

'.IU.,;~:~ ~ilIiS"U,I,

~<i"i,

~Ai ..... ,,--

': '1~:loU'ii.

p-. --"",,'L..:,t.,
,
1i5i~

.t"'i'........r'ii"il'~ ,'~,~-" .... 'ii:... ',m_ , oo, ~I, 1!i.Il!i. [I;,oI,~IeIJI:I,

!I::~,H.~,

~fi"II,

:y6'U:l8san:~:t :idie'& :Ha), :in1 di~!e~bab'ian rloee!, ika1D:I'" C'M'nO,t, me:ftqlu.an p:roses p ~,eviE!i~s,iibet,51@dan!~,QO, kebanyskan, ,mi@i~,in bilaB.EUl!ya meR,garuam.'~, 'pt'DS'6S
irre·ve'Bibel ('bak 'terbBd:i;:tan). ~,
-';",

rearm.h,

IJI:1~'_'"Jo_', -j

pa.,f!eG

~ebum:~5in

c.1'iLJlJltm'm~rap~~aF' Sebe~iaf, !(:OkJ. ,~lE1S~;in,i. beke~i~, 8fVlOIU'blel'S~u 6001it, dan ,4Ql)'K_ 6rel"~a, km~ y€mg' 'W B1l.lang' : ,a, h -' -, e .•
. -e

cdeh nt'ls-in:?
:njkie:t'e:&uJi
IT"
,_~'It("
,

,,Ij"1

_l~.,~,

[-L' -

'2 (l

~, ~

..'

4f)O"

j .• ",

,~

~K: '
"

.~

~l
'='

:;;;;;; L'IIII' ,5(1)

-- -

1i.~1

':n.i,~'![mili--~ '~!I u:;g-~~.~,~

,

J.~' ~ . -.
,_ .~.': ~.

-n ~ ~1.'~

,.

."

-1'1'

- - --

"

I.

_.

..Hukum

n Termodinam'ika

ti:d.ak dt1pat. diu:bah, s ek,ehe,e.:dakh1~ Mis~~ M,da menj:atuhkan .. t,bu,~ ''be W,besi d'mi~s'Uaht, s ke:oo;~, te:rtl!n'tu~Pada ~aat '~:9]a. !'s,:t j$tu~, lenertP p Dtens,amya ~u.u~bah, 'b men~lad~.:erruet. 'klne"tik~ Bmt b Dla;b e.~;meiiliumbtit_ '~,s e'rtmaglan besar 'enilfgl, 1., ~ '.......... 'L b" ,k -: ~{;'iA,r, .~_.,~ ~ It. • i t.:. '... ,..:,~. :menla.~i, "oJ" ~ Ule:'L~nra"lli.ll i!Nu~,I~ :meoJ~' 'enH8J:p~ ~,~, '~Helu~ rii;JeCb luUU,:LIi~,~ ener:gm,bunyi. ,S.aI'anJ~, j'd.a prlOSI~Si1:ya kda 'b.;m;,. yaitu bo'a be~:i~da, N',mnun,~ krE!·,~y~'t~,nya. tidak ~emik:i~~E3'n~r'g.i mungk h~M ,en!~r18i ,:i akan, 'berl'ibah mmjadi, eniE!f"gl m ·km!E'tm", ,alan k~.d.~an b Bu'bflh menjadi ener~, pl~d·El1S'_ :S\lehm,:gp, bolla be i dapS/I[ ftaik'? Pe'ris'tl~ mi Ud!H ffiun:gkin ,er:j~d,iVr~au, bo:m, bes.i ~d,Q pm,Ekan ~ampai ':me:~e :s:ek~ipu:rL ldt ,Hal, m:i :me,ftNJu]ukk,M, proses :prerubaan bmruk lenJe1~gi. di ates hmy:a &ipa.t' bet~'.un"g '~1am, ~.a'lu, ,.~ah dml, Udak d~p&i'.d'ibei]ik. :PrOS'I!S 'ti~," dq)Q dfibafik, arMnyadl~~.' '~'O§5 ,trr~u:n~5'r'bd, :Pra~lE!;yang dapiII!tdi'bcdit ,mNMtnya, d~~"an "~15~~, r]tif~:~~v~l' 'P !e:f,~_~:,~ ". di ~ ,m~n,Ei~'1I! ' ,~.'!M.~. _n,,· '._:~~, 111 itum. n J...._.',..:1::_,_,.i1.,.,~ -. ~'i~a::n' 'bI' ·b~ rum' " . ",~ ., 'u, ~ " ~~·yd'~~.l!j.~a
'tan~
i." '< ,. '_:'

P~I[~~t~~.
~o5olI:~&i"iI'

b_es'l :ment.tlllbiWt·

If;i!!I'h~ ~ ~..... -';§m'~l~:::b.,~ e!i!'!i;e:"'O!'" n~ ~ !Q!I~ I~Ul·IJOD~J '';[II'-gj~I,' I 1~~Jt ·~·I~.J~l,~.:rl I~:'~;,_

;i!i'e'ii!..·i~~~ ;;;"-Il~l ,~.l 'u~~,

riII!'
;i!!;"","i!i."~

:r~"~
,~~

'~i!Ii,jo.l!t..oi!'iii

lh

'Iiiii

"~iIfi.""

'iii... Ii"'ij ':I.... ,

UlliJ!l~.

~m~g'

"H,'~u:m ]'I b~~Jn'JJdD1mnik~ :m~b~~,i

,tujadj ~~gcij~
1- "".,.'LF.I:~i

~'~~~tli

~g,u~~,IIb'~.-~-;

IP_""~._,'~-=o"",,
~,~,!~:I~,~

"I'_';~

'hu·L'u ........ ,iI;...~ ... ,.:aI;...... ,~,~:9Ii~i-·~I~1 ~r~',r1~"~ "'''';'11-~:'':~-' ~-''I,., ~, m I' '11 .. __ ~ ~_""_,~,~" ~"-' ~~-',IILy Q~~~~~-~ '_':'iI' "~~~"
~~,~_l~,

:p~i!1bmml. l~n~r~ :mma! '~g IdQp~jt· P1E!m;b~~oo, :~i d~~p;ljt'~~~m, dLn.~,

ll:.al!lL!l\f': ~Km'lQ~' r'1~i~,g~Ur ~:cnm: ~t:i'f~'" 1t1''11&';I.zdQ' h:,,~~~';al'I;~' b m'JltQ;a m?~ldfU $ $ ,tingg.; r3·..,lftd~ dtlcn ,tidlf:l: n"~,~~td'~~f' ,~~C,(jl;f;~' s.,po:,"d~~'i d~'~fl' ~i'N1~; Mr~~'h~;~J1!yaii',;iI~ llUktntn, II
,II-''''ill!'m~--' "pt]Lu L~"~, .,..,,~I~,... ,~!oiL l.~ ..," ;""
"~GIIl

'",", ,A,_'!~, ![I.CDi!U;lillJ,

t'"'J;;D'., va,£,............... r.~......."fI' "~--'~ i

nil~'mb.tI~J, .s~f'm~hJ,~.~ilt h'lD,,.

OO:ll'N~,~tj::p Jl~Dj"d~wi ~ Sj~,.~,1.1. ,t:l5~""6Dj;W" .~ili'r ~n~t:~g'.fi,OOi-~ $~I:,tru'1;1;n~-1n~"1ft1d'i 1,fj~b6,h,{JlU,;AlI ,;.

.r/tJ'~~'. ~b
)Jj,

,b.,..,..". ,ii~,," Of l~,.J.;:~ f~~ ~b ' "", ~a

'm~''''''~'''' ,,",",~!"I;"~ ;!';;i>!i;ii.~:2II... f,. L, I ;N~~J~1i _ ,J;

D, iii, lrrifJiltl,.....

'Hi"

I!',IU, iI,~il

f',""""'Ill:'''':'''''''
o~Kili,lriIJ

riGJ dnli11jff.

$l;rn~,I!i'

sl:kb,s .!fllitng S~'Jl\M'li'fa...

iir.~i!l'i

brulk~,u:n,U '~r.mo,~:b I~atn, 'P e~ta.an I~D:l~r.1IJJPI,i: '-:Itfit€fl $l~,tiQp.f ~~j-'l~S~d' tidak' h.f'l~',ml1'b,tfkn ptOSi:,S' 1:::~:i~it»f f~r-J!ld;~ da,N' ~'rl:u~.• ~'l~ l-;;tr""Ja1' ptQS:.rS i,t~tJ~1~im.~ r
t~wjtJd'i"~ _ .

1,.. Entropi
BjI'tll~:rpi,ad~
'UkUfM

'bM~nya

eD!FB;l ,'a~au,kamar

y~;g tidak ,clapa:t

diulbah m~jadi
rl!!:versib~l ~~
iC~'ei.'~,tl'io ~~ ~, ,i:"f>"i"'!::lIi.' ..... .L,II. u::.\,C:

u~a,
~e~,~,

B'~a!,~~,en)tr.'~piS1ilJam S is,'tefn'yanB.memJi~~iptOOlres.

kaliOit~\B' dm'~f.;~ :!1;.is ~~, dibagj s~hjj mtdl~, 's~is:tem teneb~,t (7). 'Pe~uJll~
m~,e;.!&;:~'~~~It' , . ml~ ~~
,~'ii. ...'~I,:jl:, ,iII!,.c,'.... -!'i.. -;~,iIO !l;.:tl'IIUi,W,1.i.lI ~ II:U:a-' U !!:,,[ Uii. 1:1 11.. if

,min. IHl~.ttn·:Plnya. ( 4Q)I

~~;! ~,~.•
. r; A~

:en:b-opi dj£beri.t.anm ,A.Sf~,

~~
..~ !

"'"'

6'S ,_....;.:.. T _"i'

,_,

'Cif,i,,ptcs"es 'reV!!f5 ibISl adedah :pe~\1balmn m'tali len~ api, (4S = OD 'balk, basi ;l5'tem ~p~n lilnpun:ganl'lVA PadJa'p,rosJY, iue,~,ibelp,&;r~bUm, ,en'IW'D]?i; ,4~~tJl~ :>,0, Plrc:s,es 'tn·e,v'SI~btel·:5e1!a1'1u me~kea:l, Im;m'op,j, ~em!es'~
~

,~",

+. ilS

~:"iJb~.I!!

:=:

AS3_~m_jlJllll:a,10

:D!ik!f'tah.\I:i. 100 :F'an'l. aU' berstihu

;rese,vb,llr,
,~. ~
IJ~~QI.

(tan.aprll ~:B:.memptmyai
m, I . l I~""c~i C:i.l1

2.7" C' dJbu'bunlk~, ,~

~Uhu. '7?' C'., ~

.'

".

!.lt~M
ii!ii1i"'i"L. ~'.L II.'U-·-_r'l"

1Y.l!~O'5i"~.'i'h-··'"·1-, ~, ~;..., .:Il~.!Ii l'_

'b. Jika.'~ :~ip,~_,i ~t2.?· C hm~

",a.lf,~.lIi:.jjll~;';.Le.r 'ii"'t!16~:&-r

dm~.iWI" .. res,e·IVO'J1o~ ~,k:es1E!:J;liU"uhari.

,L_";""_ k"· "1I:ii 'iii"'I~,~,i!i;-:!1!\,"'~"~l~ ~~L .. eli t ~ .lIil~~~ V-Uta ~l"'-'

--r'---

~ 'tt

#'._'

'\-'.ill

'!"':

'm,' .•!LoIliii, IllJl::!I·iIi,I~]ll; , ~,.;.dIFI'F,t.j'~ ,~CrIl, .. ~_.l\i~Jlll

p-;.,'6c"'"l"'~.:b...'~, ....~,
1IJ:~i'!~

i:iI.Il;:t_~,"11

nn,;

s\1s.tem,l
~"'''''r'
~j[~J

'J1' €
I~' Ii!...

4en~, mensttiJ1JJ,b~:.an
L'~"'_!i, .. .J,i~ l"\";_Ii;':IllIi-~~,t;lJ~l.l, k- .',6.~~'''~'Q '1il"~,eiif"!l'~Ji!"jI,i,t"" ft:: ~ 'V.Yo&I.

,ten'hlkan, p1erubahan eR,b;)Dpi:k.eseMftlhml, '!J:iS ~@.;ml ,Dik,e~u:i : ,a" T) = (71' + '273) =,,:m ,K b IT'I =.C·"""", + ~ ""!I!~ =1 ~ 'v rI_,! ,I ". il~~J. e, c', '= i k~i'C!' iG'C D d. 1tJ"m:= l!OO 18:' :=, (2·"3' ,+.4;'7) =: nO.:K f. T,. := T;t =' 350 'K Ditooyman ~: ~~~ ~4S~1!~'i!!.,;iI ,dan 4!\~~'!1'h,,,,101'' ==,". l' ,ft
''J?
''''li 'QI~
Ir

C:,. ~a

,~)!!.

.!IiIII"

~ T-,

b.. ,~s.'!lf.~'~F-'

n-<'?

J~YV.~~-

....:.;,._,;,;L .•

~",~ .A""!J1 'il,.~,,,,,:~:,:~ .:LJ ..~ ,if.i.£!II:l:x .iii,""

1- II!£~~~

"1 A

.lI'1io

'iI!;., _.t'

('lmt"_,R's:plv' (-) mmun}ukkm,

.~'!~,
.!U'

ibabVl~::r,eseNoir men'IPluetrkm:k_;alD~)

,_.~

.;,t.,~, .....
~_

!.:..

~,iI!;U'~~

lfIi -

'L.~~~~,

,~;Imi!lI!:~..::.Ii.~il, '~l

EO·~~n.........:!iI~=

r·Ai5'.n-'~~"" ;mo, .... Ii-.,_,.,,~'.' t, - "'·"lj:.,.. D' '"',.:....~, _ -....~\ ,,~~I.:iJ:~!I'i.LIII, :::11"::,~-,~.:il!lll-_'a~~, ,\rm,lIi"p,U.ll:I:~''';J-,iO

~)ap,enjbd'tan
A:~~uil!

en:b'op i,ke~;e~Hrttb_afil~,t'diilJ:hJng:sIJe,b.'berik'u,t.
.... ~I!t:ki~.J, A

'= ,ttSaiiM

+ &,:9,:Uj!ii~:IiW~ "-_ _'= '-_~' ms,a -,14~i"j,Q;, '_' ~ ~,,_l:4, kaJ;1<, ~

,__

= a-~

'b. :Kalof' J'" iCIi CUSIE!;f,AlI!i' air w1, ,res,erv1Q b: 1 ,~&1ah, U'SI"t'~,. --.la],

:=,

n~~.

'=,liOO x 1 x (~32QJ , 300} _

,_ ."'!j; N"iIIi"iII it.. _'iii I -L.~·~l

('r:~ ,T J _

:Pe~ubahan mb:·,~p.ili\~'ewoir·~
A,_C:: _ ,Q 'I~~,'-'-, T,

KaJmi1'" U~D':dmB:f'~~' -'T' air darir.Ii!Ii~'~cD:' _:;. :.__:_-_.:......_- ----:-' 'j: .:_._, ~~ ._ .'...:. ~-' _._.:_ ._.
:...._'O;~~ _ •. _ -

'~-'

2'·~
_::'-:""':

_':

-~:_'---

_:.

:.

,n ~~

:-='ru"C " __ ";.

:=
,_,''!Ji~''I!.;.
-'-:.JI;i~"~~'

IT' ,_iT' \;":,& ~

....:~1

:UXl )(,.1 ox (35.Q -3.1D)

,4~,' ~

:=,_iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

,3PO

'= ~:~7 kall/K

jilts] ,a.'~1rs,e'ba:gai s,J::r~e:m dan, :re.soe,~vD,;Jt '~~'b~~;ailin,skU:n,8iWl 1(1$le:1ilDls): n:W:a,:perubahan, en,ffirc,p l k.ese I~nd,;en,' dapa!t' dihl.'ll.mg
1

:s.:ebapt ber·,iku,t
,4'Sl;l'!~
=: A'8 ..... , +- ,4S:IJw~1i

tcw), ,Mbailnya.. :pen,a;m!p.r~ngan I(AC) dM ~'i, le~, (ku~,), :pe;rbQ~~QI'l Gam.b.' '9,'9 ,m l .samp,1n!B'

r;e:~~4ah. dan, m:~Hllgaj~k aiU1Iya. p:ada lstih~ 'tlri,g. dmmn*an mesiri. pl@!ndin\gln (1.'!lb?g~j'llz

M:esi:n. ysng men,Y er".sJp kaDJo\t d~~i' ~uhtl

1

, T~~ ,-'W k,le'ml"dian ,cU'bte'l"'ikan :pa.d. suhu 't~nB18~'T I' Gft'm~M' I S/Uw~ '=~J p::ml mgJf' m r~ B erdasar.'kBll ,nljkum Klediu!a, fer,m'Ddm~i!k~ kalm_l;i y.g [~Uep_kan 'ke!5.ubu, Unggi, IS~ den\~ ,klB;-rja ,eng d~:~bM, ~.a1Myao,gdis,er-,., Se£m~mateltlaii§~ dapa't dU't~,l:iS,plem~, ~ tiel:'Ytu t,

_ ~o~

d~er,ap

ami 'SIU~'~' ,f.'~n,d .•

(Q =D.1+W)
1
~

(IN) dift~an
e_

,HasU 'ba__gi 8n'tat·;~,krulm" ytvl,G :mm,uk. (a_~)!dm:~

l~o:ug~ien '[~a, :~
':IfL;,
,.,i _~ . ,.:!II',"

. "'];i(", ~ ''Il;,;; ~~ ~.ecara,Wll.um.,;' ~;Uii4f1S "~'~H :penlQ.tn~ ~angan,' n~~ ,.y;;,;;~:l(ofOe!'1S,~e:R ~.r- .gu;n~! dmJMl pnpmmn, 2" 'SaIn~ai ~~ ',M'aIt,m,m"g:Gi n.iW K~~u'~,in 'baik'~ k'e1ja ~n;e:itl:

'(puf~f'~,i)

'l1~eh~,yen,.gdiped~, yang dibe;r,~,~11ubDl l( . :

~~:~I

L,

'~&rsie'buit.

I 'U' ,-, L~'iIk,,' ,_-".__ nll~ '~'

-, ,-~I .......'! ''Ii..., ,

IIQ.~~~'r~u,-

-'.1,_'Al." ':' -

'-,,----,-'II! I~'

K: -:-:~
!~
'w-'
.',

. -,
•

K ...;:,.!.::!.; ~ ..... 'W I!'" ',,'"

,n

n
~z;

,1i':::'1tll_~'_'
~:"

~';;;

:_'V-~... "
1

10

.JfM.:,!Ii;I.I&:W"g

!Il.,_i"iIiilli~:;,"

,:I "'n- ,A~~, ~Jf~'

III,~' ,

'1~,'lin~,

[~;;;;lli~; .~,

.0 '1

:kan[l[' ~g d'~ber.~an :pOO~ r~-~r.vc-ir suhu tingi 0), y Q~ :'-:talcrr ye!fi!B' elirs e£Ei~ padQ, :re!i~fi:ir- s;uhu, Clert,dah (0 'W : 'IlSM'aryu,g dip,ef:~ukan, 0) . ~'l" : ·~.'~'h" ,res,etvo'Q- $"011'1.1, :~Lmggi~~, T~ : ILtbu ,f'eservOH- S,'Wtll, l'en~ (K:)
;

t\C.I).hl ..,~8~"Ji!i, 9

----------------------~1
~--

'.10..

:=7,#~:-T \: "
=..,: ]"1 ~ ?1'~ _. .£..~,

" ':2;, '/

'~'.:11;'2r

'Il3'T '~,a:'l

:=

2'

',,1._"_'_- '1'-

Tit,

1=2~j,12K 1=7~oC

1..

S~am, me-s,:in imlQf' .;me:rrL~r. lO~ ·~.ari·i :'~E!5'eFVOm' tin:Bgi ,52:;']" € ~ dm, IDmmBumg'l'Mrf 'pm;la. :,tm;u l2~ ,C- lik_a, '~.a ~gi d.IslkUkan a~'~IP.II ,AI ~ '~I,ii':!IIiI:':IJ:o;c~'li'"-iPr"'i, 01' I_)L~, h~h~iII"I;p;l:-i1,.. 6ft_e'';~'"1 'n'l1'6~,t_' • ...:I ....~ lB"f,'!I"'jiB,", ,m :-~~I~~\~~. ~ ~: .!L,~ ,~,~I~,~,~" '_"II ~~-.' '. 1"\~~I~Iaj'~·L, ~ !~~~.l~'~g-~ ~,! ~_ ~,~~-:'d'
,,~A~Ii-~

~"S:iMumnya!
S~buah

2:

m'~i ~ O"fftigl~~~!hj,~~ m~iW:ti

~i

H~~-~i

3 rd~i~fl&j rdfojtP:~m-

a,

l1e;i:mja :~;5uhu ,~. (~~ .,-,?" c;_ReuilJ~a~t: '~I~btd ~'i~'Jlt -men~r~ :kaJ-Dl" ~'i re&l!I"VtlIK' iI1in~ :5Iebes_ '100, :kmiijmn]~~~ ~c YOOI-'omu~~ ~llm t,efl'~pr~ftu;'-):;e .rlese~\~ ~t1fLrtl. 20 ~arn: e!..'yat'lB '~He:l\s~d~,a ...:'ltlfl< C 1d:~t1f" de:n.p1i ]00 l\Faft'l alit ~'jmll!';" 'bef,suhu 10° C_ I'.a~' --= QI,5 kal/lp.,.· ~C'~.:... :.::..:' :ktaJ~:~- C'" '.~ 1. ~. la. _.... l , ~.---:a ~ "._ ,kalor" ~e'tiur i¥s, t;Ej 'I.')' ·-SCI :t~j;[f ~a ·'teatikOO.,'q'm·I!.1l.~. ~.'ttlE:D~\_ 'I;.;.~""\.. _._\ IC r J;I'"
lceGnlal't
~H 10 .......

~,m:?

Slm,~e:m(scm tem '~[£mcllas'i),i

'Ik'-'-:-' 'klU- -m - nn ! -,
.

l'

_"

1.
""i.11

3:. 4. S.

'pefml1tBml 't;erltl:~,p. L;:,.,..M'ih"o'" i~:6--j~ "!!iidii'~:~...;h- iliii!i~L!.~!!ij!Ij,",.~,.:i".,~~1~1 .•,I-w..~ ~ .s-inl.'!l:A.,~'lllo '1 ~iII:"-""'" ,_~,~.~ ~itrI, ~15.~; u~ :Prns'§ meJ.-:o:u~aR :~,eru;b~ ke_~dar.ik-~adamt<s.a;ht
~&~I-~~' iIiiiII,l~IiUl
01,._
;!;

Sulem, Male'll tten.ldaf.kre~'!lc;,. a:tau ~ibie;k~~D; dJ;tm~~li dan dijh~~(~ o1eil ~ '-~r- ~ fJ.~~'~iD" ~~

'kte;ke~

Y~B·ram.
'maha yaA8 di:lmt'Il:dtan:'s is'liem din~aBke.R 5 e~.
1

W"= pAV .

U5at1.pada'p!"!!l5 e:;,isoten:na!i (T = k CllDm) mfaIa1:I. W

t1SMBJ ',ada proses mobmr& .•

= II RT

In(~ J.

1,

=_ ktam:.t6n)

adash Pi';= , (V~ ·-VJ.

~.
iOi'

U~aha :psda, prIM,l!-I, Isaklm'£ (¥ ~ ~'L'~nfl~)

Psda.,FIOSlefj, ,~d.~,tm

adabdl W ~,lrl
GJLe.asan ~~

01

'raer~'U,

,'Vr

':: kaM_em,

c.

9.

'H,I~:k'~'m,p,e~"f~,

t-el":miJ'¢lJinornik~me:n'~J~~,

b~

:pe}roti~_aa

Ie"

AU, ~efika,lasdu,~ .'\~,'~en')l;erub~ d.i'>~ead"'in,1, k~:kie~,'2.llille:r~ :hl'~di ,h.t'I~,4;U'=IQI-W.

~_Mtar 11. ~'i;tm,
I

mB'si~,

Bj!l!lpadia
,'I

pflaM

volume- mli£lp adamh

,CO!

=
"

!.

k~Jm-p pa&'p~oo'e51 be'k~"'tetap

I' ,

,~,

C = AX '. 'C

1.2. M!ss:inc :talD~'ICmno t 'merU'ps;tat'l m,~~inia],'Qr yan:$ paling: :~derudan 't;j,amt .ada :m,e~,. yartS;',:me:lilipi1pyai '~f~iW,ii,Q'il!:]I~b;fW~rResg" ~Dl ,
13. :8','brle'n~;,i mle&m

_ ,n

1 1~ ," )(,u:xr., """

G~',

'

k~al!l]lr Cmll:Q ~ :s' e'~rar',~, u mu m, d:inra:t~,an

_",

""fa

IKita

'te:r.IrJ!'bu f 'b.~a 'tlJll!rl"U,pa ici"i~;"~ ~~l~ 1L."_'i"~'~':"'" ..0:1 ....... CIIi,n ~'I''-"'"'~~ ~,~; I-iPS': MI5ii"iiUi.'Ii i!'Ii;D--"!I,-t me .1I[Y.-1i"'~l!ll~r r.f1l3;ill,~ri!~1Ii ~~~l"'¥:~. " llilfli~·ri.)·~ ·~'I].\r'U'a'--,;~ ~~ ,r~~ ~. J 1~'·IJj;.:~;;~I.~G~··
'li ' .....d-r ......,il:ri, 'il':'JiO':" .... .
~!iJi'"'"

'oollsal

H'mnpit se:mtia:,nWcll'tlk, hiduR Dl!eme:~ID~

-

te~pat' tin~ Te·~t' 1"'I.Un'm",. [S,ar-an 8'~ ,atau:P?1!l,n ~Hmn,B,~ B

J~'';_.__;'

' ' .i!B'' ~

~ .I ~

a.

a
b c.

Errb·c!n·,iAS sua!tl ais'fem le,kd'u1p.· 'l:er,modinarnika,~ r"

,j

".n

'te,Tap'

'be",~bait dmsan, :pep_arnbMan AS, be"h.'.gs'l :po"Slur 'b!~ldmh, denpn. :p!3ft;lm:nb~m1, AS'bedlm'g~l. ~JMaga'tif d, dapa,t -~Btap ,asu bel~bah dBIl,p!1. hm:. as:'po~d.'tif !'. ~f.' &1!rjJ'~ab diel1.pn ·hm·-p .6S p'BSitl a:~. neptif 'tel'g~:id;un8 ct.·1
~ prC5Iesf.ii.~,

2,

S!EljurnW1p, m;eal dm~ ~~a. 'tell'mom :men,~lmni P'ml'ilmll:l?a:tan. :SEa1~Q . .admbiillik_ Jika W'.,~d~ k'~~ja ~G' di~ukal1. ~Lm~,~t@m. (~O dan. AT' -. ~r '~-h . ·L._'iL.,,.,,,f....: •. _._.t... .. ~",.,._~ _ ......... ....". -....,;;;;!I!:,.' 'b' 1.,...;'l\_, .. -:\Ii._~~iL ''t...JI''__· ,a\p_ig'.iI~ _.:p,eml!i,!l~'~!: S:";QJ;'.!)I. '~::lHU5'.'~.!li"', ,;1.,1; ~a, 1_ ~u -".~
I~

~
lJ,.

c
3_

W'.:> O~ .A;r

W :;;;;. 61' >' (=) e~ W'·~IOf. A:T~"D

:?

d, e,

'W

-c O~ AT .>,,01

'W<~. AT·<O

~tu 5is.Wm::men:~ ·pooes,,·OOlma'tik_'l~ada 's·,iS'l'm.uiJakulm. ~1ha 'looi]: d Jika "Pi~-~·~tb~anl~er~1i'":~ :s¥s~run' ,a.~ A!U ,dan. k~[fct y~g' ai~reJ'~'
slsitem a~ g~' ~a, a .AU ~:,= lCOJi '
>_, ••

b,
C~

au _.:1001 l'
AU' == 10 J

d.

e..

Q '='C)i A 'if! +IUU~·

In

~_

.--100' J-e,
v ,

1.. LIII.

iI':II _ ,_ t"l, 'V'.

c,
II:: ;J,

,ptV'!
\II"

Gas he Uum 'J; -,.~,!CI!''metmUlk'~ vi:"~''(nm D" ';" - . , "me lc 5 m'S·d!an s-mu -,,. C Id~~~'kan 5,efGU:a,, .' ., ,I.. U ,1,;, , . l:l."'''- _. . _,-,', . . isarbm',ik tmRpai ,S'Moll ·S~' C~ J&a, ~e:1;arim,:pi heHwn '2 ~' 10'1 N'l;m',!~~a, p bJe:1[um ,me:Im::~m, umh_~, lum :s,e'Dua' ....
I,

it

,8) :k.]

b.
c.

12(t~J

·e..

2SQ.li:J'

hJ 600 ItJ

,.1

i~IL

Jm.~ r'~s:a:r.vg:ir SOO'U, tiD.:fmii !b~r,s,u'hu, SOO:·.1<... :~a

'40~~
..., .-'~"Iiii . ii;l'l.iU,!I;_ '~'.

':5f ~I"iI,~m, ~1-~"~.",~}~I'~lb· ;lilll,~,~~_ ~~'~ U~, ~~"ii;a:m,''''~I mli'l;liI"i.~:-..;I'F ~ . ""1.l1.i!!~

11IoiIO~ e •

e:~':l;sieMi ~s

ef.:is,ie(mi :~:s:i:mum·:mes,in, i.n\umnyaJ1ailk. :mmiadi ,ED%l-' :~a ,s~h'Lt':rles,~i"J.r

n,.

~'V

~~

b.

9t!O"K

7, B'f,ill;eil$i'ml!lS:in Car,n.o't'ymngblEfFopermi dmpjl suhu re,r"i-dml .~T'keNUl, den, ($en.~ 's'.!tt tin~BgiT ~relV:m,~l .. 2,

a '2S'=b.
,50%

d.
I!~

I~

33~

75.

C;~

~. ·'S'ebuan,meS:a1·,tu;rb:in:~ai,u. dE!J'l,~,sUh~,~:,.550lo C, dm,;membu~~g'" nya. ,lO.ada!.511hl1 ;350 ·Iei. Bf-iS iensi ~mW'Dme:l,m 'wrb:in, Jter5 e'bu,'t: a~m"'ah....
i

,33~,
,~

6t]:~

b,
e,

~~ 7~',~
an, :r'~s~,r-v:oM'S11hu: tin~

,""%,

I~t S,~'~~,~: :ro~;5:iIn,c.·,fl,~'f' _yan'; m~fl~fi~

"il:r~ C'
,

'm~P1J-nyai' ,JiS,f.~i 3O~- R.~s,etv,[[Iif"~Mhu :f'en~:fn~n,lWjk:i,

a iir

'b. e'

313" C

f!:_

.•

d'" f2'r (:' e. ,s09(J,,(;

'slubu --"~

,41~C
~:C~[I.

10., 'Oiikl~ftmlU:i:s-u~tumEl51n,. • ~".'

:mempl[6~ e,f.i~ie;~ .40~~ i <~iisienscifiya, ~ ebesat. _,

50,%:

l~

t ,J 1ik_a.t'~i~,it '~
d.

£es,,~Dit. 'pFUl_nya, b'9":~uhu MO

m~n~ r-

'brut,Ziu:DU ~~~.. ,"

.4001'K, ,aitm .

K" :mak,~

',,a.

b.
.C

52P'~
,57$

Im,~i
M:~

e.

S'., l(er'1'. Rlft_ oal .. o'al ,b - rilnJt' de "9 - n' ,ben'a r! s

1,

2"

5fe:bu~, me~. ,me~ panas, '$ ebesm' :2~OWDiDU 1e ~ i;~ltaru 1'ies,~rv,a:ifym,S;' S:lmJ1!.mya ,300'K~~CL-,n· membuanenya st!bl@S'm' 1,:200' j!Jule :petdar. ,res,E!rv,oir :yan"g·. bers,uhu 250 K, :H'i,Nn;BUab, eiiBJieM,i main te:rcs,e'b~~l.;_'. S'e'bu,ab, 'mes,in ,Cm",r;lIUJI't :memom.:p'i ~aJl le~a:B"~' 2.tOJl j olde ciat i ~:-a5erv~1if' ber.\tsrr,p e~a!ti11"' 1~200 It ke' .re~·erVoil" 400, K, H lrungiah me.t.151 'vang: dip$k~, 'me.sJn pada, ~,ea:t,~:b.1Ir '

3:. Suatu p,id~fU:menpiMl'i PtD!iiJ~:~siklus ,s~p~rti 'pacb, V d~, .. H:i.tun~, us~, ,aim
,yarI:B

dil_.iUtm, pada pI'IOO"~'

d"~mr,.,

,=,

~ik'[~,

'te;rslehtd!

,-,

4L Sam 010~]~ .Jl '~'

be~~;efl Jfrfii~ 'tan~ ~e'km- ,,"' c ,,_,ir." 'IC--r' _ r-:,-~ C-_ ., mllmr.:mJJB mempunyai S"llttu T. Cm 'bemeiilcr(;l ":keD1luiian d-i~ask8ll, ,~,. be'ksnan k,ons.;a" '~,ehjh~:v,o ltlm~ya,me~j~ ,4kali, 1 eb]h,b esar~SUa.R ada1a!1, 'b&,tapml, ,ps' 'u1"l,i~el"iel ,r£lua, 'tie,n'Mk,M. bY.nya t15ah~ yang' '~ei1M,dilak,u~M, o,]eh p lUn:Ml "menmk~a, ya'~uma~ya:!
1

kieat ,menemp- aitij, ': _ - _" '" _, '

:M,lEi'hl,l, s":lin,- , der -_

5L 'p1e:fhaHk~;~bea;'

k€tJo,,r ya1l8 bek el'J~, Idengan, ~ ik lu~, ~g y dib~,~n, dM'~ ,dUa F~i5,es ~,gbm' d.~ clU!~ ,i5akorik unlfuk, 'mi~n,~~akl:;an, M n.ya_~I.,:'_ '~~_-'/,I~~r;a~m t __ . ~u"m'en,'~_;_~pa'_t be'M\~~~u~,5'A-i! ~,hi~;~,.pll~, per n'~nU, me~~in:kalO["'rer~~ln..r.4 l
il'!i~

~ ~L ,_ ~L ~O"aiirnl e;rP'9,'~'" ~ ~U-U~.II, e~,"!!!i~.!~,'U~.

d.~
T:~~

,di, S-mll,ptUlg!Sua:tu

mJerun

'Ut-'Dr 1r.....,~fD§ft ,rI!~'~~l 11E1~ ~c.r·!Ii

~.

~ I~,~~,~

",L,~~~=

V'A,_.,.i1k."'M1

10.. M;esm (;~nD't dml}lIe1'mEGdl ,oo,~, 2. Jrl!!5,e~~wk.ahoc 'll"e,inWrna5 in:B' S,tm'lrunya

T'jj,&tn ~~jl,~~,~,'T~>T;I. 'Di:-e~taht~iei-~~"iwime:~~, mr:se'bu.'~'il).%jj' dan b!1!sarny~ r:1,= :'2?' c. ~" ef;b,i2m,:n~,:naik mmjoo,] 00 ~i :~a, mn~an 'bre,sar.ny~.

p,e<.ru llah;Wl,

~l Dlilker~'U~, ~,e,bn~,-n'1esifi kMfi,r ]1~tl'l:i"~]lek,lUjf'l,.~,w,a:.te,se~{lir ka1~T.tJle'f'S7uhu i'~f11dab, '2? C dan, :r'esQWOltt' kaJor':biersu'hu 'tin:ogi T;_trt< .C~, jitin,gla$an, d.iS,i~i (
~-""".l.:"· _.,JI~· '9i1~QP:_ "k,' A,~ ~ml,~ liII~·s.W"i!1lUl1fiya I~l ~ m, :ilm,gp:-m'~]aUl w 7Iil!, _,;i"l;!"'!'";....;...,;l.: '1""S,Ii! I...... ~ l':~ ~,1"'iI1D'1"'!'k;,r;""l,-;L .. ,i '~':I:. i~~ I T. 'Ii'~ i:f'i: ~ ~1!;.i~lIiii:';:I;,r~l.JiI Ji, Ii;..,.. I'lL ilLUl ~\ti~~, ~!t.U;lu 'M -

•, w~pt

,.:.,~~.'t...' 11-. ..." :m!!in~.Kan 'SU,iU' ,1'1i!IiI!' ;.;.:.:.

II'jfi!

,B. S,e'bUM ,Dla'S,in, Cm~n;ctt yean B ;m,illio'l~nakml,. :r.'es ewo ir, s'unn 'tinSgll BOO :K me~tnyai QiisieM,i s:e'be-S1arIO~. Api ef:isieM,my.a'ritiaik me1n-~i,,50~,t :~a, , h"i:tun,:8~;,!'UhU :r.reSliNO:lr S,ghb tt.np:ya!

9'. S~e,b~ah ,mIY'ln 'k,al,or Carne [ 'be'keqca ,di ,an'tara dua, res ervu:Dt' 'b er.s,uh1l.t52,?- C
~:~lIllllJ

_~L"'- \.... 'T'ei;'!j, '": ..t.. ...... , ". .

~I "'ii ~,...

:1.!lllIL;JjJ!h~-~1

~ii: !l:ii.

WILJC:.~,~11I.

;ii!Ii,~~ ~,1 [I. ..... -m'-i";; ~'''''

'_!WI~

'm'

'j

!1i.4l~1

4,;,_,

[~!L

....;__

"'6i'1, ...

:!:.~ltle;m._L

;11."-h"~'"m'" J~,~,~ ~;jIi';:i"Iil

llidl I
J

~iI5iii"e l'~~~U

a'ii...-ulIL_~ -id l ~

'~In ,£'u,

A~ ,PiI'lh#;ihj;aW;J __~ft yiln9 De·n.,r clen,gaD menulisdbll.J1 hUM a" b~C"I di d;Jfam b,uku tu,gas .An da!

til'

ar~.u e

~.:.'.. u.

_",/-" ~'EJcn1·-

ll,!i 2B

'.!C'

e.
~_
2.,

.......'~Lfi'l 10
15· _ . _ '5 ml"hadap

:2 glc;n:5'

Zil~' ml:! dapat mengaJir. dan .me:nm'~tiik,mi ·S\·e.d:~it 'barnba:tM, Y perutb;lltm, biilnWk :~~t aitJekM"~~~ ,~~ a flu ida, d ~e"k~
'I-.. ~'"
~

""~

p' .~ 4-1-' ....

i"i;

~..

,~.~'i;!!.rn,~n:;;"" ·~IUI~ll~"~ 'l_jl~""'J

C:.

da:yE1lJ,
ber.~t.··24·N· 'tet':~el'tak:padla m'tai:y;m;Btsds'inya,3m,
l~

.3,

BebLtM,-tlruok dm~ ii!..,._ T","'i..·'I'Iioii"'i~-~ t ..,,'1.., :~:~-~=~~~ lU..f.:1I~~ ii"ti

eiii"i

id£m, Zm

111- , ....... '~,d·ei:n.~,'I!.. :i~ ~tiy~J i ...

I;

a.

b,
c;~

1 Pa '2Pa

d,

'~IP'Q

5pla,
~

..s·Ps
paoo·s1).;1,&!iu,

·4"

d'idefin is it.an sreb., .~.b ekJerja ~e~ 'biQan,g; 'per-~a:ttian mas b i~g ittll diste:bu.,t ~,;, a ,flldda. d gajla b. ·Rl.'aS5a.jsnls e. 'Usaha
c.
'mkiMml

SuatLt, b esar·Qll, an,g ,

,BbnDSif.'er

d,
JL

b.u~,~

~;t~a1r :h iQrCB'ta;Hk,

'pet·m~k;~. 6. S"e'b~ah'~lj!tdah' 'b ~ris i 'r~"a ·(DitMsa.j @i~ is, r,B'!?I,aJ :=- 13.J5(1O'It-81m:!! ,sefhl~ 761an. jT1ek.an~. hidrDB lta,tlk yan:B~'beke,i[!lJa. pada das:SU' '¥la~. adsJah ~ ...
i~'

b,
c,

lOl.292i8' Pa 105.315 ,7& l;n.a 1'2l.1115 :p1la

1

-'

d ' '180.00l P,a

e. l42..2Si Pa

b.
C'.

lOlfH.m, -l0)5:,m 11:m

d ll~ln,
e,

.1",,",35m,

:9, T'ekm\ml. yang' d~h~J:ikan, :pada ,~~f' 1t:~A' ,d!, ~, :l~~,m,g te:li'~tu:~p di'tet~~~, -S~ b~sm' ke '~:~~ ar,~~b~, ,a'~, hUikum a ,B'~yl~1 d. :Pa5cai b;. ~~~U~5~, e, AJl:h:itme"Qes e, ONn'
--.'i

I~

6"~:buah dfJn,~'[rak hidroUk :m~~lit i pi~~~q;> k:~~it yan;t d~,et~rt'Ya, ~ O'n d~ll, ,p'~n8!jisap"b e'SEIr' yan,t -~:~amge'h~:rnty,~-301 c'm, ~13rua:piien.gisap k I~c.il dile'tan, ~ denf¥.U-l ~a·,tOOl N~ 'b~:iaJ;"Bya, ~',~I' d;~i~, 'p'~:pen;p~"h'esm adialeh ~__ '_ a 11'fN : d. 10-:N 'b~ lcPN' a. 1.-N e, l£ilI\]'
Jill" _

J~::;;;;;'iQlN

,~

<

.-.1
~-I Ri~

10~ H1likum 'p,O:kck ,hidr.ID]IS~tati:!m,menyamkm b~, :s'emua. 'Ii,tm:yatiI,B 'b.r,;~e'tak· 'bjdatlPf' ,. _ _ _ .' __ Pada ... _ gl,dla~ _I, di,~. _ ~.saw ,J~'e:n:is zat cair' memnm i . b-'a"'b d _'""" J..;·.... ct:-',~,,,,," -.... 't~if'iI, ;'~id' 01 ~ '~.:;~-.' 1!I?.Ii_i.oGIi • ',!C;j;J, Sri:"I.3.. b, U'sabayanS'!'~ e. ,flui;Ga,'
..
J

".gj,-!!.i

.....,..;,,_.;.=;,

~r.;; ..... ~;r;:

IIi:'.I.

6.~1"", • .II::~

~.

~;L 1L:t!1II.

III.!_

c.

:tet-~

'y:m-1t:8l:

S~
I

11. Slebt.tah'pipa 'U 'b M',isi ~ dan miny* T:~,gj to,[am. mblyak cDtn air padla 'k,e ~_a kak i~: ,3 m~ B"~b:maisa, j an:i5 air l~OOO kg/m!; maka rna!S'sjm:is ,minyak adalah ,..... .& 500 k'glm~ d. I~O :k,gtm': b. 5:Q k:lI~ e, 800' kigtm.' c. ,580 ,k'glm'J,

f-1
I

Ii Ii! ..
,M! ,

,AI

~-~--II:

"" lilT
",'

b.
e,

aimmelter 'bar',omert1er 'tennoffH!'fer

d, :h~ ,ame'~!r' .• e~ :kigrome tel7'

1.3. I:M!kiSJ'mhud :teic!man, a;bno~\flef' ,~eb esar 72 an ,Hg. :g =' lO m/:!!~~, Jl1.€IBsajen,js, air' ·seibes ar' 'ill JXO 'kslm!,~dan tnaIS'sa J eni.s ,tat". = 1,3.,eCO k glms. 'T:!,kiM"iiM, 'pada,
'I~, ,~,_,;rr\_.-...-.,,_~ [~, ~;l'~'

[1;,....... [f;J illiL,1I.

A.-;~,i_. - i!'!i,L.""i ...:II'-r~! ·IIIJ~_~JiLJ ~U~,a 1~,[Il~1

~i .... ~I~~,-'l-I
~~

a.
b,

c.

li~2,'~l·O'[s<Pa 1~461~ 10 l,pS; 1 ,.:.48 ~: 10 [!I'Pa

..,
"

d: e~

:lJ4S x

.•••

11

10:' Ps; l~' x '1.0' Pa;

e,

2J~X)·L al06L

,""" ~

,a..l:~.IlI~,.

''"'''''",''''''';;'''''JO

J,';",A,,..,,,
!~L~

~,"tJ..

T'e nr.~. kJne.

~a 'beJi:at

hin~'mem:ilmi
tL
c:~

'gas i,elecal mJenya'~M

,....

PQt'U~:e:~,=pW~lt~'e :~~1aIU 'ber:,ger~ I P' d..

e_ 'Vc ]1lBll~ .aU~
enet'p;1, k"i.n;erlit Ib'-"

~i?£e,p:a_
eflje-rgi PlIiJ Mr:11S,i:a];

1.7: .s~aru,,r:[t'DI11'P' x m.eneA1patl·.~,ium~i 100 dni~ 1dm1·.~.tlh,u P ,~t

1

T'e:kanan,

1~,
~?t" ,~/.iIi.,

)f( X

.$'

~i1'u,1.2Jli'IC',

'.... ,. Li!.

~~,~1llilJ ~, t 1l0' 'N'/m:t ';:lIn!: N,':: 'I' ..L,II,;;!! , .:m :1

~ ...

d~ :J~~ x 1-0" ,N',/ml a, 4J1)( lcP :N')m2.

l'BCEpaten,

c.
lEt Bfi'b b.

3\182:~ lCf·JNt,ml

a. ke:: U

subu ~

lnatin

~m.88:i~. meka

p~ t~'ell p.BjanJ,:makdn ....

:rend.Qll,

:O:"l,'emb E!aar' e~ menYU$'nl~l,'t

sedans; sam ~1, Bas 'bus W1U, 2:-'" -c ,adaLm ,..~ d 1.45Q J
e~ ,310 J

'19. :Bes.~ya enefgi ~ .8. If&~',~' b, 1551, J'

,C'_

1.bi 1

20~ 'Bnl~i"~'yml6 t!itif ~al' dim;Pl elli9':B;i, ,.•,.

-P£las, 1!fE i;d;e~.ada'lah, efl!e,[',gi k ine:tik atiw, d~e'hu,'~'

a utat'ria
'b~

ldlUlS:IJjS,

c. d

lU2ir

;;111--. JBx:u:,II:III, d~'

e,~ 'b~'bas

~~_. ~

SII!!ii(".iil:lt., ..L~ ~~r- ~~~ 1,:;6.,... ~. ~.~g: b~

i~~-'~,e~I~L.'I''I:m'1.I:!''i', l~'~' r: ~~~

~~~~'~JI~ .. ~~ ~

!~-~~ ~

.m,:~~,i:l1;L~,. I~~~
~~~~~~~

~i~
-

'-~~

.:t'S)': .,N,/'m' .~ -~~

"II

,,~.

,E~Y~J'a 'p~tikel :~' ter,~:e't.~tl~Jah i ~ l~' ·ji.JC'" bt~~. b.. 1}C'lOl\l'buah ., C:~ '2. )'i 11~~ buah. :d. 2: :J< ]_lQw bttah.
B.

'-T-'

'

)of

'iOwb.u$.
'&il~.

2,3.. lIka, ·b!!~.

,k =-: t,38 )( 1~ J/K~ :~a :himn;~hh .ener:gi kine,t&, s:ebuah atow. ~p, HeHum. 'pa_<kts'uku ,l7?' C' ·ad¢Um. ._ 1'1 " a. 1;:.. i . ',1' 'V;,~'. ,)(- ~.u" b. 1Q$'x lcru'J C. 11·.)j!·lJ!lT'U, J d 11~.,M, 1'll-;tl. J
lnal

IE!!'.

~j ~,,)(-: 1"<;'11"1 ., 1-'.!oJ' ,_

J' :' . .

2.4t Suhu, m~1.~mu:D dari. 'Stua'tu :p, ~ ;ntan:B lerbj,iup ~,. !~,iap,:par'tik;eJftya. "be""~"'~'b ~~"""0lIi; ,_ ....b U. -t..; ~~~;_~ 'Ii~ ~u~·. ~ ',.. liilll,11L . D.!r.rIi iiiiiI!'flU L[MiIi;I~.;..r-'~ ....:I'e'ii"ll'~ 'ttOQ' '~]·I':.L.' ....n .... iil'li! :t... ~.U"!i. 1._&o;l"~-~l~~ "",A~;;IILi'J'Ii ,__ ....:t.. af~"~ Il~ILl~~
~. ',1; ·!!IiI!l~~i'~·~ Ii!ii -~~, ~ l.-'Iiiiii .~,6"""'!

k:.e:lajtl~ ~.~ :par.~ik,e:b~: ~, a

a '200m/I

...,

r._':;

i5

b, lfO,m/1
c. l00mj1s d. ,SOm;/s e. '25m:/s 25. :Mi_l"~ sebum, mo le:kul 'n:i'~o ge11 ,ss,bes,M; jL~,kali mEsa sebuM moWe'~u 1 hidr'lJlpn ... M:oleh,td~mml[Eik,td nitro:p1'\ tel'S e'bu t::pada,:sMhu:294 K ~i.,:memillk·,J lsIj,~,f,a&rat,a,\ 'yan8':~-dm,gan mioleiru:~.h~o'pn :p~, :5\uhu ,-.~ a 1OO:K d, 2l:K

,,56

e, .34:K

eo,

lif; ;hJ! ,~ l~u,~:.,."

261, B~y~hya

a eri1!!;~iEP ~, p, b,efii!E/rBi, k'm!e'tik ,p, 'k~-"I~~ ,~, 0l dJlW.~l

dmebfiii,t "~

:.JaEnr yang' 4lp:erkiJcart

'Uil'tu~, ~!e(:ia$;~art

,suhu, p:'se'~e~ 1° C'

c. mkananp ideaJj, d. kece,patan, 'paI"'t(kel ~pt

e,
L~,~,'__

~-r'--'ll~

27: Bnergi, G'almn p :ided met;1J;;1.~an :hln •. i ,dar{ "'. a, vo~ume b. 'volume dim suhu c, '5u'nu, d. 'tekari.i.Ml a, :tU~, dan, s!oou iI"!i'CI! S,,"illl- ~~'L" iI..o. tuill..,~ ,~ d' 4: 'L.Kiil'· ,~~, _:_"h~ :~'W"U '~l;tan:G' '~~rJ~ 'Ywlt~~an _':up, ...II' ,_:l'!I..'L menJifll"l c::_:, ,~t~
t,albr,abmenpdi ....
,a

~.~L u,~~

.f;;;:KlpSi.g,

ib"

Il-

'I_L mo ~~.u~"
"1

m.~
j

b.

c
d

'2."kab '4 katb

'61talj '51~~PH,Wi:

e'.
_L

2:~t ~laOO,k;ea~ :nDnnall(T' :-:I~' C ~ l' =: I ,alnt)~,''Fau:f:l Ol[ (berat<mj]'i~k:~l ' MI' "-'32\JI. ~fi1iUki 'v,olmnres-ebe5aF' '\t~''- --:"831-4\, 'J'/J,('R . lit:fiCIl .K_ - ab:n. ~ lOS N /nir'Zi)J ~-'.'. . I "_,, 1 _~_'_
j
3

-e

_'_'

"

••

_'

I"

' __

l.,

'i=~'

,,"" ..r G!Il..

1· ~":it",<1 .. · "Ii!'

II,lUI ~ nf-f,' ,.,'

b. ~'8,~·lcr~,.i e, '22;,.4 'x ,l~'m~

d ~8" '0'1'$ ," e '. '22 ,4 'm:$,

,~.
I

til""

U'Ii.J

~L'

(i!"ifi',b~ .;;;!.l.1ly~. _~~t.., iU!~

1:::.;

m., '.'

·gaaitpru 's'llku, g.~ i(~'~:SiLa, 'bek~an, p he liuQl 2 x l.oiS' N'lm,1~ ~, ,me~uka1l 'Usab-.& :t~ ,sep1esm' '" a 6C).'k.,m b 120'kJ c. 2.8Ill '~~ d. 480 kj
K

's ,iC;il"""""'" h-. ,~'il,~:,·,....,..·u~cr ~, ,....~liU:J.J.,1I;: -:..;r~II.Cj

'~;e;""~,.,, ..,'L.- ~ 'i'),~ ~!!;;i,IL~IlIU~'LU L.iI;~

ro' A~~_,_,~,t._ '~~'Il."""~_'i,

'!1'_"'~<i'iii,

o;&!~,~".,IIi!I!.

~'D'il.,'_.'_::1!... ,1i;iI~'u>'

:belb.tm

@.

,E{:O

'k,'

'~I 't-;.;;!i,w",

rs!elbu~, itabu:ng"vD1Ume~,ya1 L memUik;,iklbang"vm ;t:g memungk':klk:aA ke:lu. d&ri 'tabun8~ ,A~Lnya 'S:~hillu dm,~,aalilnl .'tabttRg 2~ CmTab Illftg dipanm:k.atn :hm:gga~uhu, ]2~ C. Pe.f'bsn,dm,p; ,mw'Omas'Sa,;p, ymtgk'elu.' dm.i 'tdJunp·~,~~a·~u~,~ __ ,_ a tri"

'u.'.

a~ 1.: 2 'b. 1 >4

'C',
U\~II

:Zt7: l2:7
.~l ;ii.,.... ',L...,-,.,."D'-'_.J;ilI; ....,~ _i~j~ICii'·l~~.L,~Jllll

,Q;l"ijl

~.~

n'ii'>lb-' .•,..... :...

~"' .... 'i\o.I~~

'~r!liil![IIj~L.lJII~'

'~ ...........iI'fi·'~c

1131l~'C~'lillJ~ Uc:_·

..

'I!t ....· t

~;iIj'l· ~ 1
.L.1

~ cr- ,~d'- ....;'I

I

I"'~._· !I;:QU,

...I~oi"'io~liI"iI
~;:_.L'~~l.!l_

,~..;.!iI..~i:'!!I~,
LII::~~I~~II.

Ir-"

:F.l1

,~

ni'ffim r~~~~~ata.kt'Jiadira't bj~ mo',~ieik:~lp dDl2)but v. ,B'i,~_d,i ~,'~~,bu"8 iht dJpIDmp~ p sel;enis'~lSm~BBFl' te'k~ya ' menjadt 2p dm1. i&uhtl~ya.

a.
C'"

djbu€IIt 'te'~ap~, ,~a

v/2

v-nya :menJneli ..., d. 2,

"

-.

~I

b,

(')

,,fi'~
-

S(iduS! ideal yan.g 'fer db"i a'tas '2, pr.~os yai~, '2 :Fcsles mo:ter.mm, dm, 2 p~DSiE!S es~
adi€ibedB.\j adalah s:_Jus

a, Ke:lvm 'b~ P]sflJlc'k

c,
;,a-,AI ""'~.
,g~

d. D,~s;al
e. Otto
,~,n _ v~

earn ,I]:
~~~!~;~-,~

D,8ii1!(...:1.~ ~I""~:

M-'~iIl,...:Il~ D""w,U";, ~

'~~n.'i'i"Ii:~:.,

"~"'''_r.-.y.!I;~
;

,~_:'i:.. ~ ~ .. :n:..-il'illl-j\-T
!Ii.Uf!.."",~lh.i~,,
Q,

,~U'~,Q~ dan - '~,L m~nQfliju~",,~.

~
",9Ii,

pfJ~~e5,

4a·='6W·~ Grafik"

di

$am:p~n',G'

~:"'o,b,.,.-'n"" ~._ 'l~~~,~._

~j

b: i:5,Dklgf"ik
jsi(Jb~it:. ClL adiabatik 'e'_ mol:l\m\,H<~d1eihati5
C'_

35_ 'Slejenmp ·tu~fvo:lumJ!,-3 L

'b~:kaloo',tiij~, 1 a-trfi = :D! "lj)

,I _-',',' ,_ . l~'

,t~taP~
,. l ~l"'n

c. IG_~ .jn·i dip~tan.· den~,. ,~bn~'s"~PJli ~:uhr~nya:me~-rTJ}J:C': ,8Ii~ Qit:e:tmiu:i· 'll~ii 'P~,~:a ':kens um<m ,dilak:ukan 'p ~ denrFlf-t. , ......... gl i_~ .1~~U,
_" .

pa-•.
" ,

,,~~

" •.

-_'.j

. .".

_!.

"',

','

n')

',I

a cd.
E!i.

b c.

4Q5m'

4m,~

'407'J

,~m'
,500

J'
ii,

3fi

p_",:il.':'"l ,~,

ben:da h··faD bS:1!'!r'-'b-- '27!i'le ffieatai1e.sttkm .,' ,~,, '" ". U, it.,; . , ,, .-'"
.

h i'tmn bE ~se.'bit t, cUpanru d~panmk.8n.meni,rui4 '.n a ltJR

b.
C'.

'ern' 'CIt::" seibesar ," R'I'J;s..,., 'Blenda· ercri ',' ,',; ,,' .' h.~,mJi'B'!a 'suhcivn~a, IIIE!:nj:adi 327*' ,Cit' en yan,g
,-

er,Bi

l?'R

d.

e-.

"'~
~,'f'!i!.

6.:R 4,'R

a~ 3":l~ C
b,

d, 42~ C
e~ ~
C'.

c,
3 •.

373-' C'

,4l?,C'

~,j,]a'e~eIVo:~.:s~h'u,.'tib.,8Si~'lt~su}\,u,~~ r

K,,:'"~,a_ef~,jj~i :~$'~'~ m:ea,~, 40 '}d" ~ lef:lS~e~:!,tnak'limJUn,. naik :menJadl 50"'-;, sub" :res eNroU" bn,~a h~s, meJl~i" .., . . _ 1~1-~ a. 7ai.!! ~ d. l.lxBO K e, :1.600 K, b. '~IK e, 1.00J K

t9,~t ,M:es:in kmo~' Cmno't mmpnb:u' lCOO kkaJ ,d\al':i ,1'" ~,e_f'Vi(illirf:!2.~ C; :~a Y:~$ dlte:ki~,k:m,',kH=:f,ue;rv:o:k 21'1 C' ~h ..
.",,~ 11 'L L a ~~._ ,-, b. 33~9' 'k'~al
~r~

kaJiQ!\'

d
'.

~!1'7'

~l"rl,W

£,.

'i..,L,_.'Ni
'~~.~J

e,
'Il-JilIi,rt;...,~H,~~ lL~ .l~~

950~9'kkall,

c.
An, ~~
._~ ~

6tll,k~,

n"-~,...., I~~

,d1~_0'f'~':f':!!' . -. '.
_~~tIi-l-.r·

V _

A"~st- .._ ~_

'I

•••

~~,~~~-~~;1.

..:I,ji~'~~1.,.,_

~""IP'!i""'" ~IYY~~~~k"~ ~. :F.~~~I~ ~......'L__ ;L.JI_±pr',~5;U' ~'n

~..,.'Il..L.~,. .•!'iI\.. .. ~~ l~y~11l;[~~-~ a.~~,

hi,

c.
d. e.

dilat,nimr'koo. :isl~tbarik,t'~~,d~har~,~ istHefmiik~, dian Mis:ba't.<~~mO'~:mubm:kan CG IS, ZlmDl'OOrIDljk saja ,pI· :hM~a dapat:-d~~baa/kan pr.ases ~t 'batik dZU1 'lid:ak.'dapait ;bailik

'dm~afkoo

Pt~!f!S

~pull

S.. ,Ke,Cia"'an SDa,'-s'a.a~' s,e,i:i:ut denga", bena rl

I,

Kapai

!i',~~

'ml}:nye'~l
lL';~:K~,III;EoU.I"
~-lIItJl

~H__': ....t,;;;,;;'" (",L:"'"""'I ~;ffi;L,~~

,.,1II.1.L.tY.;,I~L~·"

1',1"03 ,x: '~(1' k:llm~;, , ~

'~~k~BIH,,~~.~ di a~ 'U~,!D' ,..lla1aru ,t.:~","';li J' Y£ __ ~i' ~~J

III.

:pa~ :k~'~

~ m~, ,deJ'P'l.

~5a,

jren'~,,~ 'trut,
X

p el1rw:!IJ~t-~, air :laull

'la,s ,Pl'a

2.,

3. Bruat bmda di 'ucim'a, 40 N" sJi!d\anIg,kan berat 'b endel. -di ~ 30, N ~~, :mmsa:jl~n":is, a~l: :lO~rk,g/m',~~ :Hi'h:u;;t8~ah mmsa :Ien~,
1

bmda

'~I"r,~eib-u,H

,4. Pel"ha:tikan ~:Il'EU di s.atn:p in,:e;1, Ben 4a, yan B vCllu:mle~n¥a ,~J')O~Iem! :men;gepuo1g'di da1am,,~ (p.: =: :w ~glm~). B~ benda ~jB',mun[;td ai ,;€l,taspletmukMn €ltir V'\D~u,metl~a1}00') em:'" H i'tungtah :mmsa jli!ll,is lb,mlda 'be'Fs:ebu t! 5
10

J .'!IU;Srv,y,a
••

Pipa. kapi1-~~; dln1a1,~':t:km te:p lurlJs ~hm:n, Su:a.'M, zat cD: 'yiUl.g mmI5:a,
'!!l.,u\.i.:i.
'lI! 1i"'it!"lI: )C

It:' > ' l;':y.

U"'iI'.~

L no' _I:

',''Irr'.' 'N,. 'iL ~ t... L '··~ll D- i II!; :m: ~ J;~,"'Jar:l ~pe~l:;hi.;lrt1 !!lUiIl:,1 '_'.fi.!~,be_l"' __ i >ii. W

'1

~'~ll_~ .i!,U .:..! m

I~',l!.~.n <S'U~'I~;'

c--L_, iii.

ken:tak;, iO',:::·3.0~: TieptPl 'p:"et'rouk}~ ~t.,~~, 6: )It {Or' Nlm. :Hfhmo-bh, ,g' na1k~,,'pipa·:zat, ~ (be!En~.:kiSp:~]at:ib$),M fita.J:':~1)0 ,m/:s'i<~ i
I . I .
,.J

6,

B~u~ ·kecepabM. rata.-:t:ata ,mlJlet~],'p O~":bila,djk'e:tabui tnaSlla: j misttya QvMi3 ,~;/anS C := iOi m:As~" ., , . ., '. . 7J'-' ~ Oi :(.",'_.Ii
I~'
.. 10

I~'

I,

I.

7:, S!e'pu:IDl~h lite:r' 8S ideal ~uha:nya. '127*"C...memiliki 'tekMM !~,6S,;}fJi,N/m,2J." H:i1\.t:n;e'tah banyak 'par'tik el p, ~,ebur? a '8./Ja ,w;:; ":r - ~' .. .iL,lU::iIili 1~llbllll,ll,'!ii,.,~:=1 ... ..'ir!B.·.'iD~",,-_ ··,.·,'·, ~ j1'M ;IU,~...La··o.'~I"',.~~I~b·16io'!i1;jlj,'""1D1 ~ lli!"!i.(.:·.1 _, 1 L,~ii'!i~~:""''£.. <C', ,1"""1' JI\~,b!l;.il;~, '15-~' 1 lC!~' s:e'wM; atom, ,gas: :b.e:Hum, ~i5ubu 22,'7" Ie?'
u

:I:;,:iS'~

.·c·_·.· ......

11;.,

I!i;J

/).1'"

~i;lilll:\I,

M,!I! I:: ~

'9;

"iijIo~ ~~..

Sle:'buM mes.lf\ ~mD:D'~' :menyera;p :kal!m' ,ro k:kal dar:i ·res eW,Dlilf yang be~!Uha, g_'O K n~elakUit~ uadlS!~li:,~ J. iTerru,~kah su~~, T~-r.;ya,~ ef.i!\ien:sj 104, ,m.esin :.Carfllol'f'! C'~;;iI'I_"I'l-'~~, t6'1.. t.'iI!,_!iL~~ ~lCu:::r~ a~J'~_&.II~U,;~, G~' ~,d;~'_l'l !~.i-ew'Ii'eie''''''_ 'p;.,~.~\- ~,~,L;IIl'fi;r'lje.~'~·'I)("1:n~~iIl"'m. -L ~JJ:1jl,r ~~)m VEdumenya, 'b,el·ulmh d~'i.20 ,:Lmen~ad~ .3); L,~'H.i,.~nB~, 'usa1ta ,~UM:,ang' d!i.~jukari, p. :S'fi~ plem!J,~!'
i~

AI ..

~~l

~~~11J

~~

-~&.~jl.~111

~~'~~

'~~-I;

..

.l

Drab'l:

D.
8. _
.-

@
1..., III
-

A~ pnUli_. Gitnda
~
'£'111

lQJ~ c.

·4. tL

b
~.

:B:., ·tii.ay

a, 10~b

12.~ b 1.4·~d
B,,",Ess,.
'"M1Ii" 1"''''' 2_..."." ~ ~'T~·,r",·,~F"·:;;:;;,~~;i!:I!!O!!'·m.j'·!:iI!" ~:;;:;; I!;!!UI·.I. :~:. 'tI! 4:. ~.:. ti(") == i(... ~t +- ·-t'2) m/~Y'l·; 9 'b 0(4) =. ~or.'2 m/s'a; Co. ri' (0) = 4;2 :m/s:~
..L
,,a ~

2.. 11:m./i~ 4 '2,5:N

6'r
g
i!I . 1-

O~.Q113 1
s,

"-'.Ji!U

'H"

, ...

;2,

n l'UII nr:"'!i'~ £1" ~L

'~~j

A:c<:.."

-,

·.10'

·B·...'L, n:r' , .. ~ &,'Y.' A,,. .P:~lihan. Gao,Jlta.

2. d

47 b. bh

:B"~

1:1
c:

s.

A~ P,~U:h,_ Gao.da,

lCL b
'B~i' ~_.,. E "'I. ,.1:,:-

2~ e
,4:..

,6~ Q, 8. 'Ii

·4~ ·8,0·001 N
~BOo

1-01-

,a,

'9lO"9

m,ts

12~c;.

14:. d B~. Iss,.gr

'2..
A'L ~_
iLl

10 ~ 1001 ,Nl

.1,2.5'.1

l,.l 9
o:J' Gi' ~~Il~'

~:

lJP~ ,N
~r-

J8:Ab V A~ ·Pili._. Ga,dA,

Im" :(I~j. :1 ;~:!.

.11.'''1,11

27
·4·~

il'

:~

1-

ii'"¥'lII ..,.. 'ifi'I'II'

V~,f

d..

8 ~ 9.~B,m/sl.· .
:10 . :,z·,J1.oI,5 (j

6. "hi
.8.,

l.et..it!;

?
,iiiIIIIIi

:I,;fth· III .A.~ '{till,_ QuI.••.

...

g]

i'!!!i,

.4\.

:B~., :E~s'i,~ '2 :L-'N' 4~ 2..: 1

£..'.' 0._

'100·:
_~'!I~

~I

N::'
II

.. Q

Qi

.Alt:'li ,_;:~
l'" ~

·1-_~lLV ~,

''ill ~ 'i"iI'~I:::, LID" .L'~''''''~ "~'b

pel,atilt,aD Se:m,es;t,g' 'Casal

2., .........

A1' PiUh,a. Gantt •.

'2 e 4L e: 6~ 'b

S~ 'b 10. d

6..

O~4,3'
II'
I· ..
. .~. I , ~

12. 'bJ 14- @J

1,6.
Ii!:

B~ ,5': 1

to
·"f , .'.

:2(t 'b 22. d

1,8"" e

'8'ftb' ,'\!J"" 1'1

-

A", :Pililum 'Gan,da,

:2

24. e
'""i,Q
4(J'i

,a
1:,

2,6 .. e

4~

d'.~ ..._ '

30. e:
,3;2.

.fi.
:8:"

Ei~

d
111

d
E!;

:LQi~ C':' '&S"Slay :1601 :m/.s

O~ 75
I

34-

36~ c

;38,. d

4;"
Ia.
o g.
.-. ,

40,. a
B:.,

2.
!bl~ 9~

30 :N' .400 J

Essay ]81 m,

'l~,' 1 0
~

0:.rl. ~,'A '~/":""M;!!!< . il'~: c{'" '1Ii.d1l.1~1

A~I

,R0~'

'!'"

L::p-/.!, ~':!5i. ~'lCi~·' ~,-,

B:-'~ '~'~'II' A.. lJ'ilihFd, 'Gao,da, ~

.~. ~~

2;.
4.
!WI

,a"
1:,

"e
'Bah'VI·
2. c

A. Pilihr_, Cauda.

8·, C lOI~ QI :811 EI~islay

~.,~I I:.

¥~

,.......~!u,pr

,II; '~U.,I:U.-'

'6_ti *
s,

e ~,
e.

4. ,2:..5 ,ark!l 6~ 3' kmi s emu.s

8.. 21 K, '1.0l 'iJi\1I\'"i;;"!iii ....
'.~,~~,~

lO. e

~c

~,:IAi, iCc :li:ta\ill,'

F'~' 'u."d' S"'IJ:oIf ,,4 ,;i!lIi.':'''''~l''''~' '.¥']" .. 0.- :·iL\!IL.c:Ji~n:a,,&~il't5,,4·, d

BdJ':tx
A~ ,
nJ:'III.::i~LI E',iU:IlJ,I,_

1t"""'!',_..iII' ~ ~IUIl!.

2.
4:
•• 8
0.-,

b
E,
'

10!~ d
,[B".,

2'~ ,~,
2r2,~ Ie

Iss,.
,3:,OOf}<J' ..~. ....
-,'

'2Jfk e 2•., ~I

2."

I~ ,S'RT
'ul_ 1~ ~u ':;r.~~
~'U .f"~

!el, ,at
3~ b 3'4... mi, ,ii,

16~ :250
:0:,: U

l(
~

a~,~
as. ,8

'l~~, IC,
B:",li_ay Jl tlali,lt"aa, SI~es'Iet' GenIlP' A~ p,ib:b, __ ,IGaodl., l

'2 3' )('10" 'N 4~ '750ItBlm~

---. """"? -

2~

Q,

f,~ £
16i~ ~

'CI"

a,

d ".

II ~ .1-,O.!) X lQfU J ao. :2 ,~ll(P .r

4~\!2

In/s

® Daftar IPusta,[k,a
,~:",

'Me'i~*'Ii,d,' ll!l;O\!l.. J'~~,A'1:-i'~d,:I;",,.1. , ,_'L '-:J~\ ,.t":'UJI~ ,J:\rnalcl, euy', 1'993.,,E:u,;,gl\N'~lkU" (THj'er.nMan),. S,sm_a'l,&; M'andk'a, Jays Abadi. r
'I\Jre"~l ¥'\I, w.
r,

,A"'d:ll, e,';ir,'~ ',ii'

l~,

,;o,r';;o'Y.

:~iIIi'-la lei ,Q.l.!J!I.... I'J~IIi,r.'~:,.I.!I!. P·\'o"iil¢l'o"i'~ ,lGiam,"Ie!r~-ID",' " .... ~'",,~~,,!!'Ii',I:.t'IiIl-"IU',· '~.' "._Ulr W!llill',nli,",,~ ~!I;;. ,QI.Ii'~''':b.

"'~-",eiI

Be'n,di:l.f,; LilDn.el 1000., SI~:~,afi,G:: ,M'Mdit:a,

!rl1ga

j'r,U(,I'1J'tr,

J~

C,nr,n: K~'f'j.inf,y(j': T~1.'",s\ko, (T,e:rj !'w;!ih,a,n,).

,Ab~Qi_

:Be':isF~t,~ .h"ltb'Uf.~ l'~

_ RJ;ns~,p pts,ikll Mi'tb,~~11 Cmf'" 1±!.(01ah).

Jakar.

'er.'lm'·8~
J'~,M:ta!

,Bir-,s,y~~, M,. 1,g'9Jl~ .H'~di.~.nt"-'H,~ll~~~l:.m .I;g~;l~a'afj' d,j\'I'J,;rm M'....ilU1'i1.:tL t 'Dre,p'afHt,emen. :Pendid~an, dan, :Keb~~~

Bli~a;t't 'Fr;'anJi:; J. '1W2~ ,Afi(Jd~'r~i'!' ,Pliysi~/J. Mc:Ct'~";H ~]t ln~ Bridgtnan :R:o,~[~ 2D:Xl. l~'n;d'r:.'l:n' lp'tik: 'TJ,knalol~·. j'akM'tat "]3,alm, :PtllSl ~a
,.b, .... 1'~i· J......... t.. 1~!f~iw.~~Qfl:~r~ :~'"
t

.i"ii~:f!
~~'T"

.~!,~r.'f'~I':U' ,!;'Pi~~L~:
'I' ,J>

.:tJ

1t

1',

~ • 'J""' Lf:~~"'I~'.:'I1o. +.-. ,~,m_iii

,D~~m .r-u~r~a. ..

~" ....~I '

• -n

"",,,-'Il..

:F1Q,$ h!t~.B,Oib_2~,-

-1001 ,So,llI" dtnl ,p.~,~'tioolfss'i~u;J f,i.;j,rlDm J~art~ 'Br.'lfl~,gga IG·ianeclli 2001_ Pisihi j,{IIJi ],~2:I(te.r.j emahan)., jakar ~ _Bf.lar;u;~ IG,on:ick~ Lmf'y ,and .k it., H"uffman.. '2002. KQ,rh~'~ ~,Pi&,iA"IJ ,el'je ma1::t:an).. Jakar(T
qc-w:n!edia
]N1 ~ 1,lggS'~ ,A1€r'l1 5j'.·nl~~sta cr'te:~jernW)I!m1). 2CD),

ICrah~~
~==";.

J akiIM"ra- Qual~'ty P.r',~35'.

,Knm 1'I1J (T1~:rj mailM).:j.akar.lB: ~un., e KhaL~isrna.. J!Dhn Gt'ib'bm ...~, ,M:at7~ '2001 J!Jn4:'.1~~, 1,.;t-yk:: :R.~f~,~'gddt, 'Wakt,u_ J!~m·ta:, 'B,tdai, :P'us'~ak,. :H:a1Ud~y''& R,J!SI1 l~'l. Pis:(lu ,],;2' I(TlS_fjemaban}; J'.m"ta: :B'f ]8O,8:p.
~!

"IiI<III

~"',A·>FIi J!I.P-III1'~!~"'!Ii

-T"'i'P'Iolf!iT,'l
. IR

1.~!IIj.l1

'J~!I!...~ ,vJI'U,lllll

l~.

"~~I;;
+

'n£ uv ''',I'LI''''I

1111:!Jl-,rl-"~l'f~'~_·].I! 'l1"'~.JtSl~I.I"'~I,<

'11"H1i1,;r!l'lii'''''p;I]

mari:'~~'··';';iII..,) D9,if.""""""('Oi~ 1",_""if!l!l~'~ ... ,C~~~-I;!Ii~ 1~~"~~lh&lli~

iflili~'L"!I'~~h' ~""IO" ~--'!Iii_,UIIW.Q.~ 'AI!D.l

J

Gf'QUP' 1i~~J1. A]fMl (a-dibll")_ 199fJi ,Katnu;s, Lle~pap'F~:ik~, (Ter]I~). Jah,at.'t.a: Bl' 1an,~, Kane d.an 3terOOenn.. 11991_ PisiIll' (Te:~j'remm), ,Bandt;ru;pg_ A1D:oA.B
'_

Ktnulltri~'~ E:dBi~ N~h)Vli:!nlbefi199tl

.,1 "', ,. ,, "..,;

II

,~,

Kn:-~f'lJflJrfl I., .' •

B dUa,~, 'N ove,mber _ :gJ" ,. , ' "

L

,'II!'

1gg(ii
' ..."

:K,'@ 'tult~Lmm:i 2.lOO4'. Binl:bilr~g~l}! ,~,mt1'n,t~pSU"J Fis:ih 'Bia:ndUn,s: '~f~na 'W~tdya Lmle_r."t;y~ Perte~_ 2,[11). /::"fll'd::I,11 IP'i::ik: G'itlyn' JR:Jli G)n'1J:. Jakarta: ':BahU Pustaka. Tat'lLpa,Tabun. l!&:rlJ~'f,y,n,ptI,,. DiJT.dlflD {Terjl~mahlmru,). :Semmal1:g:, Man,~ dira J~a, Albadi:
===,.,

~~

............ 8 'TahUil_ ~Tatl.p

l

,Pl1:fJ'm"1I1~11,~,11 QtiJWtl1 PJ_khl~M'n'

(Tel~je'i:Oah_;an)_ Se:m.~iL.e:

'Mandira, .J'Sl)"a, Abaci.

:Mmlay'~ 'D.iimi,tr~ dan, 'Su~gem~ '5Qny~ '~J. ,IPA, T;;'~du.·'Ban.·duRg.: :f-'U5:takA IO~rofLBlaiS i ,Ap's'W",.,· Xlll. O,~bil'.:Bdis,:! Aigus,'WS,i' '2001.
===,
r

,B~';'~iSJBnl'~~m~-,jbliiii."~ ~.r~~~~. 2~'1~ ~~~~ ~'I!,' ~I£T

~~'l.iaiM_1J

'Ir"',a.., 0"""

~~~~.[H.t.'1i,

'~'~.if

,~, ,j'l!L~'dljl'P'<!~",",,,,

'V'I' lihf~it.111_1·r;!' .~,

~~~'~
===~

'Bd:~~: Agus,'Ws'.il' ~2002:.. ,[8:dbi 9Iep'ba:mber,~ '200!..

1

:R.ObS~M\!,:Pan., 1. 99!i ,Lis,h':ik ,(Tefjje~abM)'- ,~'u,ar.hl:KesMnl ~:!MC

:~~aio,~, Ph;iJJ:ip,~ 1996~ ---'~
CtU~t1

:rn"tiM

ICIIlr"p~

B!~J'ri~u~vn:' G::'r"a'~ u" 'Slemara1l:~ M'.ml,dit'S J.~yacAb,~,di

ra. 'iBan;dung lte n1i:ilrja :RQi§"dm.a!~,a ,M~,.di)'b' teW5;i 4\: .April. 2004.
1

1.998,,, CiTJ'a ,Pf:'A~~jl1"~!la: tJ:dlll'tiil'., 5',emar'ang, :Mandka J,ay:aAbadi.

,P~i'"G,O_i\1II~f;SU'8

5 e'tyadi", 0, lIlli'll. AJ"l"",l-n

,~bt:R,l~1 M~jfd;:rb~ edrmi

~~"""-",~
.;;;==~---..--

4 ,~,ril '';l~SlltN:lli 'B,(J:i5:i 2 dan. ~'M'e'i :2JXil_

,Ag~J;'S,tiL1S '2(1)&_
~~

J3'dis ~ '2:9.'

~==:' ~ 'Di~,~i!j;~, ~U_la,~,

'''''iIO ',..:''... .£Q N l'I~!Ii''';F.i'''''''''.'''''a.,. ~·¥·~~.iljlILU.EiIIJ

~~

..

---,,~ ---'~
---'.

,Bd;ia,~ dan 9 Januar.i '2005~ 2 J!dm ~ 2;7 If e'~I:uaf'i '2!,00B~

'~'!.' ;1S.~'~IOIAn· "11 ~;~ EI.,d· ,,w,, .. ,~f'h ,~~
,"<- "~

~~~',~ lE!d'~i1 :Mei '200!,,-

:5u~
~=~,.,
==='~

YQhana,~~;;)'.
"'")~'iil'

l'~~

Olbu,.'~;n;4:;1.' Fi~lkn ~~2",~'.Jak:ar,ta: P:rirrBt:ika '€'ip:'(a, Umu ~

'if'i:~-c_'r"·~,r.-, .iii,... ~~'~ , ri"~~m-ll r,~,[~~:ylJ';,- J"_.:ik. -·-,t·-·· ,~ma. 'il!'~".,....,..:iB..-,- .. , ~'ji"C: '.~m' _:a D,··c- -,-. '~~:I.~~~:F ~'-7\~"

M"·'~ A _.~,iI.!!r-:~

'2OCJI:. ,F.i~i1.'lJ~~bl ,&ytl~ (E:d~,i,R:e:vis,i). J,akar,ta: Bru,a, S,turilb e:r.'~, ~2004. ,Pisi'A--a lhf ,&yll~(8\d:B':1R,e:.v:m~i). ',Barta:
:2a)I..,F-;':;s,rlll

[P A,

---'~
---'.

:a,ma, 'S,umb,e~',~,
Daya, M::(P'A

,M lElA

unhll

SiJ~t.l\~;I,i\i'~ ]akar'a:

Bma, 5umber

:Sulym1.in,gr'si!t 'W:id!ado. '2006T Blfiftrl~ScaJ' FfS~l11r UJif,ld~~' SMA

B,artdu,f1l\g:' :M2S,.

Su.-tr-mnD" :B'd],dy, T~:pa~ah,un. Bukl~ Piinbu' ,R... .;:"~~u. akm"i1a: 'Tarameldia dan n J :Res hi, ,A~I~n:p': i!!i:!i=~e
watp'IJI:~ei",:Bt'enmr. '2,J.lJ2._

,Tarot

(T~:r;jf~)'~

,Slemaf,aQ:g Mat"1.unp
Kharis~

:~ar'~ma.

----~
---:~

'7tJDfl., _Tl,fn'p'~J11t,~U" (Te~Ji'emahan)~ ~emar,ang:

2002" Uk,U'n3'Jir (T\e:fjle:mah~).
'"'J~'oiiI·''''.'i'I"'
~I!

Man'u'n~Bga;[ ,[f(hmis m.2L

SernBl",am::t,g. :Man'Un~l
I

---.
,~. ~~ l'

2002, W~k,~r~ItTler.j,e·r.nat1an). 5 em,ap,aIl,g :Mm,un"sgal Kl(iUm",mma

~~j

. W·':9'i'"d': 1_ A' ,t_~, ~·II.

~=='~
~="""""',-

,!.iiII,,,,~, IV~~"'~'Or'I!I~Jr'!~ilJ~'IP'~" '~.j(.:'I!IWIIQ;... iIIt\l~'I'lli!I"" ~.tn!'fli

W~nl1Q'

'D.,~&:ii._,-..,~ ("iii1''Ii_1:H:~Ll' 'DiIl!'iB,[I!!"t!!;.

g .. ~!~llll ·~J~dlllI.~~·
,"""111 ~~-~.

===".

Quali'ly' Pre I'S ';l{l)1_ ,Gap dtu1J ,lb~~rg,t (Teti~en'ldloo). Batan:r lQuOO:~W' Rr.,ess,~ :2i004,. Ga}J'S ,MtI,g,t.f~,~ 481~ rt.~,f,M\f:,8n ,Ll~,b-·tiif; (_Te_r:] emahan)t~ Baltan:: Q:uality
(Terjl~Di&l:ru'M). Ba;em,: '2004. .s~4~'U~',dt:rJ ~ ~J'tiS''l (Ter-je~EU:l.). 'Bsl'~am: QUai]:i,iy;P1"'BSS.

'2.004. Ctl~~"Y~' llau'

'PrIess ---;_ ,ZlE!!mansi;:y. Siems,. li98!t

:s,inac:i-PtflL
===,~

P,J';,sib' '.I:u'"h'"k Un"l.·'lJ,.:psj.fa~ 1 (Sadt;_n·,atl, 'beba5)t. J'ak~'tac

Pis,{kjJ unt't~'kUJ~i~~.r$.itd~: :2. (3adur,3[l,

'ble'b.)~Jak- ~a:::a,'m~ipta

---'~

,P{sib

llnt'llK

'U;'lllV]I"'SitnlSl

3; (Sadm,an, 'bteibm)~ j',al;ar~« .8 maeipta

l!l

''':JI'''nmn.:'i''''' ....' ,g-__ ~~ .;Ii, -~·T·iY,,",,","· "m''_;:~

...

1I:lI1'1--~"" "" ' ,lit ~ ..

i"'iI.i 4.. ~

ii;, ...,.,. ........ -~!o~.I-:I;::.I'(;lII.;I,.I·~· "'" ,-I':'!.,,!,~ ~~·~a~·r.

'L.\~)"'·li\'n.~ =."\~-~., ...---~

i~:

--~' 'c;,m;Emu.\f;"P.~1!!i.

hi1 '50
::.

llt-. , ..,.....•.

~ro

~ •• n .~ro.n

•.., no

;~ .,.,..~,

•••••

n~

-_ -

I~ce,p~g"

~LIdut
-

,...,.111

.~

••

1"'11~

"'Tr.r."II

rrr

••

1'l"'1'T ... ,

."I"I""I·E!~T.

rl"l"'T".aTl1

...

r ...

~...,.""IlI"'1l"'l'f-~.,

1""I:.o:--r.:J!r

....

,....' ....

r1Il.... _.1"l""I

,.:'.'1 _

rn"T":l""l'.

Fr.',.,. ...

II

'I 'II

.rP~,·ltMm\: .g"I't:'lri~, :~i~"~ ~G~~~,;~,~,·g~1Up~ .. ~m\'~~~~~~~~··T' ~ :~e.~:tlIDmn. d'Lm m.p a;MQ~tw:,i. Fn .dm:n Fi6 ,dib;m. bendD.:&e~:iU, fi"':z ~, ~~'G; ~e:~ pjd--aJ h-.. e.ID~,n' "p"'_ •• P~ip''1l~t.p neT~~ ,,~,ti Ca~h ~-mk.~lfi~~~. G:
~~li:Oab
.: .: .. , _ '.'. _.~. K

:D\,tD. ~~illl;dn '~:t'~.

~M!i,n. ': DV!~_'\'Jk~, 1

_ • _... , -j • ."

n-

_.

"

.......!II'

:n'L
1 •• 'Il.

'1'1

I'E!II"

•••

11'1 •••••

L ••

I!_I

II.

III!.. PI.

II ••

1Il'!II1

:J'I'!!lIIl._..

••

-;;,

,cam I.,.1!'s' ·C4m,'!";M 21i!

'@alldlill,f, 2: 'CMUJtNU

bud.alibn, kal1,~\~~i '~Uitaaebi

PE;!!.m~~~,.§TgLW:~i.[p.¥'iJ1..~e~·:Iii~'iJ.

- ~ ~ ~ .."" ....... ..... ..... ..... ".~.~~r-.~

.... ~... ,•.•._,~
.
! ....

...

j.

.....

.., ... ~.

,·42;
'f5;,

__ ,;-.-"",,,,~-"'~-.'.'''''''''''-'~''.-,--,-,~
,~ritn::;[

.z

:Pi!n1;~,
1~-:::~iI!'!!!P."'=";'~1r.'" ~~~~.

~~ut liiritil.'nt m~mp

I~

u, ~_~ ~....... ~.. ,.• u., ...... .. ,...

..... _ ••

'~""''';'''BIm''-~'' '~""';~c"i ='~'!Io~'.~

_.

.ti!'ort,~ ~~ ~"'=''''a ,.....!1)::...,..;l.o;t"'_"':a;'il.-""""", _ .. g§'~~!!!!!i!p

,..... 't-Th,.~)j;r~ri~;~.AI ~ • ~~~ ~4;~'

!I 'I

'1.........

II

.1I"'It1'I.

II

... n~"Il!\n.

:3.1

'D.uoii'H 3'.2

Pe:ru~ €;J·rofiIt

'be~:"l:!.'i.da.
:p'e.i'~~~-"ire·~.:~. l1li l1li

dm'l; a::LU.~l'j1ll"ii1

w·btlt ·plm~·.~mN ~~fip ~e.~~ ,,-;

11 II. 1I!oI

!!"1p. -,., ".'.4 Untu.:k '~. 'J.~

III ..&..I.III.. III.I ••••

; ... 4>-,u,4'''-.4

••

111

...J

1111

J ••

II

~"""''_III.i''''''1I

·&~.~;33·
,~'b.iU

~4 67

'304

6.,
']5
'']'"''

'C'nJgi"u 3'5:

'~:-:'IU

31J

'~;T .. ._.:=....:-,rfi, 1~~.:Ii~~!L,

r-L p • .'.

I. ••

-:11

.....

11 ....... 11.I.~

..-";:.7:.

I 1.....

;1.

I.

I .~.

";.:;1

••

II•••

la•• -=II ••

'--1:" ••

II•••

"'... II."'_.-:II

... II. l.iI.

IIIl'JI II••

I.

I 1:-'II•••

";1

.11:..- ...

iii •••

11 7.3

'Gam'llM 3'.1 'GandllM: :31'.1

'C.WI,rui

'7OS

3'.9

'~\iDI..·IJ'iIIiriL3.:10

~~:n

_.~~.~~

'eWINU 3.11

P~~tpn:~
~'~~ll~'~' ~~/'"

e~ _
••

•••

111 •••

I.

Iln ............ .,••••••

1 ••

<r. ••

I_

• ....iIliI.=.. ••

1IIi 11.1

.Il ....

I.I.1II.

.......

I •••

II.II

......

iil.dli

:p'aci@ .~~~

.• ~,~.~=-~;~.,
....
r"'II~r"TT""TT

~~

• .1-_. ,~ .......... "T~'

.-~;..,-,.

'~.'-.:

3,D.~,G'o.t.ai.b Ma, p.~ '

:~m'lltm.mmcdz:n, '~:iiQ;t 'pndl\<F'I!.~

In~;' ~1I:!!J~,.lIi-5:~~-_ .. t~¥, ~~_ ."~i"-"~,,,,rn 1 \ _a~ .}'!:;~·~·\~l_'
'L_~~.~l

o ............. ~~ i .... li..;.'lt If~'~!g----=-"g ..,..,.~~~ ~'"""'BI1I!IlL_e, ,~~"::!'~

_'0' -'Iil. .... .,..;.... ~ '!I!di.IUl'.I.lIf.f.UO .;,. • ..tL:Ii

·\.'m;tut
•

.:II~n"'lr...---r..,~n

_.
•• ~~

....

~l

'Ci.-.I:!IU 3:,
,~,.u
3,15

~n~, yqnS'
C'I:I~(J;iiii,~

'II!._!L..
~>~

'1I\Ie! nGtoa.r=-b.
~'~.:~~

P~

~._,;J.~

~!II.lJ;

•._"

.:~I!~l";~

...JI;_

~_~,~.~

:;--" '~ ..... .~.'

.... ••~~~ ~

lZatMaD :~~~9.c

~hadap·a.~~"1,
--._..---

:~~p~~,
,K!~·'!.'Ild~tt~\ ~9Ji:,~~~~

........... ,;i'~~ ~~...........

•••

·Sl

·~"a~mzNk'

••......___-., ..-............... ...~~-<,- .... --:-

GKiu'i.mna,

p~·a.,.i:l'tm't ~: ~rD :S'iI;

~~a.ltl'r'I+.-rrIl-T"""T.~"T"I'H"l"'T.II"T".--+T---r.'I!"'r"'r":"I"T"a-l"I'lr-rT""T"l"'_~~~I"l.'Ial'

,Cttiq('II,,_, ,101
'~,III!I
""""":"'.,'.

••

...

oiiii

i\'I

'~IiM,'~3'
'C4:m:'II M ,I"

tti1~wllk(i_n~itleh ~~ t',~~'~b:t:~, :f!ie.q,'~·~e]p~,·:il 1G6:.Jei' 'Dgi:tt: :poc:kl ~.a ~,~ cilAnll-E CD' a r1m h~'lUlal,'mI!i.tif.. .;,.~ ~~ 'Tid;d:· ~ '~~ JikCl_~~, ,p,~ k:~'bj}'~~ 'CiBQ)~m'~.~; .... u~~~:~G~
IO\ifmfij ~~'D~~&ntH~;t.'~~ -:._. ." t
,~e-~

'.".
'i<~~ ••
... ~_.
0

arm
lPi2

~,m

,eun:1I

'~.'M .
.6 M ,1.7' &.8
'lU

e~

~
1

-."

'hdnik :~u&M\,
•

m.tUm
• .oi i

~!"

......,~

..........

, .-

tIS
.

'be~.ICit:, .'.r~.,'e"" .
i.o.II l i •• II I!I .. ~ .. IL.II

•• "" ••~

,".~._

"••• ~r.'· ••• ~ •• ".~~

UJ2

U'~~,,~,G,dll'~l!:lkn
:~S: ~'~
1E~~~~1

~j:t:eth,be~lO~')t~,:.~·,p:~~pe.~~
liIIli
__ II..

j;I.Ii_..a,_

till"'"
• _~_

."I

I!I

!I ..

I~~
__ "

.
_"11::1

tCWiI' F-

ami
'lO~5'

,bi' ~

'_111" _~.

_I..:.

_:_I-I;.,I,.

I"'~"""

"""_~'

_...:...l:.... __

., __

~--

:I.-~r~~

_.&.~~

..

I..---"r- 1_

_1"'

.. _,.

1.015:

'G.rUU,b'iU,

'c.uu:

~D~
ill ,
\

1.9 '~udM4.10 'C' ,'.'. I.. l l

!.1,1
1;'1,1

'c.am:i'M: ,•• :d
l,-,S
'CUo,l!i'M
-_

.•

'G.mm'luu ,;I.U
'IT

13

liS:

,","-_1'1:.'-. _ ... :'Iii.~

~ ... l1iI:l~~

nn
12.0
I~~

'~'Ms:.l

~'jl'd!!f,

_,....,. ..

'II

r.

iiI. __ •

'C4tuiINU:S.2
'C'am,il11 5,.9'

,H'~l
,B',1i;'ti,

::no~,

:~~

~nJ~

r.ri'llr"+-l.

lii-~

r--. •• ~~ j_.............,.JII
.&;1:_.&..

')(e."e~

~iD,~~',

'~1ull:SA
'C!UB,1iIU. 5i5)'

,~i;.:~;:6

,aun,".' 53'
'~'lU"5'.8
ili"':"'l... .-..;'. ''Y"lUU" :lU iiC. 'Ii '!Ii!!' .;"."

ISr.~tn: l'gket' ·Q:\Sn:e~~pk.~ ,huk'w;n, k.dBkWil(i_1l. 'n,~~,,~' _, ~,,.. T~an len~1 ~.~p1illngJ dUQ.· ~l!ttll;!! •• j·u'* ........ ~Ii' '~ukrm.·,!,ij,df .. tenMS ~,B'~~i~,(irt~dW'l!.:bmidS1· k ."'~"'.'" ".~~"_.n_.=. ..~'... (a.} ,~~m1t b:~~ m mbm,B?tDr,lllD"l; ~I t:SkiI!<Dm"~~ bilis:tik. ~"' ~~,' ~.••. 'Sk,r~ ~ ~, ,l:en~&:~.'ba.~, _•.,._ ,~~.., ~.~ _.~ .,....,;~ n'"
~1i.II i .... ii.II_:i_.. .l1li
K.

_I~
.. I.I_...I..::I ........

..

iol ......., .......... ~,jj ~ •

11-

II...-i.

- __ lI ... i ...... _

.... jr~ i ...... --r'I;1I:1I !"II • ....,...~

.j_"'I"I'~.
1I1 .. _

r.-- .,•• __
~~

-::fii

"""'"_::I.&.Il

__

...&..;. ......

.&..I:~.:;.

__

I._~I.,_I.:'O._

....

II ............

.........

• .;!I ..

1S2 136
1:38"
~

"

~".~••~,.

'

" .~."

.~••• ,'••••• ~~••••

i........

1A,'
'142

143

1.43;

:Pil\n~i

ltiip-J :F~' p.:~J

p~~lJ

•.. ~.J..... •

11•••

i ••••••

i.d

•••••

iI ••••••••••••••

1'.

1&1
1113

,enro,'. li,.3
'~':Q:,'A
'Gi'I:IQ,'. jU' II! .I: 'Cgg;b,g ",,6

'CI:tmli

M 'i..!

,M~lSn,.'~~-~Bl beket'~,'~ .~~ 'Pf!i~nn IMCIih; '~D ~ ;~piIi

~M~~

:~,r-J;ii~~

••-.I. 'r~~

••

~.'.~~r ...... ... "~.~ ~ " ..~~..~.~,~.~.~~~ ... ·,-.~ ,_~.,~~~_,~~~ ...
!~~ _

kmoh

~fty~i_4l~~, lbe~,

~~ ~ .. b'm;,r:aa kann.n ..•~~,....~ .....~.•.

,j.

lt1i~
"lb,!;
'~~b,

:~,Q;np.e~ ~~~;!4,~~~b~~

,~,hQDlC,~.~.~.~.~.~,

Titi\ A,~sb,er:a~
:~

.~·j~R,
•.

a ~,'Fii~i.:K

~~~~!~.~ ..
~.u

'~am,lI,II.
#,",i iL'

i!lli,j#

iiC, "III'

1~~!SQJm: ,ym\,t
:~~'l~'::

.x

he.~1I,

:Be~d_~ ~~~~'b~:Gid~,~n~
''I:I! ...... ,JL· .. '1t;;,_ ..;.JI"'l.... Uk'I'.__ ... ""::;......:::II_"I!..

p,~..". iilid~m 'l't,[t:ub F~ .~.~JI~I;;

a:.lfll ~.11

Y·· ~".............,.~-.-~c~.

O~'_""'~~"""""""'"''''''''''''''''_'''''''''''''''

•• ''''!'
•••• ~ ••••

'lQ,'l'

ItOD"IIP CIlCl,.,
;, "
ill

"'~~.'!"

~m

u.s,
UC "172

~ .. ._~~._.~~n_~'~~ _
_~"'" Lr~~_

...
~~,~~.' ~ ••••
~riI

,iIi;I.a~Gi.I'iri.i!!~~,fi;':~I~
,~.~~g:Ll:
;~;~1Il11

,1m~J.L"<io~:;~
iol.TII-T.~

.•

I,

',1_.

,•• ~ •• ,•• ~
Lior· • ..,.,

, •• ~

~ rr''''W'T''""~ IlI'lI'''''''

.. 'II."""'7~~'r.~-

r.i 'ur:-ti-.

Ill. -;"._..,;;[~.. r~"!II

~ ~.~~ ~. ~
_ ..

:!Ps~,

'~l:~

.•.._~o~~~
r

:tl'
'11&

.•••

~d

.~._o~" •• o. o_~~._~u
"".11 ...,. •••• 1111."1':'1

" __ '~. __
'11·11. __ .'II."I

'~"_~Od.._'.'
!I·

•• '_~,hO
r

_O_,_"_ ••• o_,

11 •• '

••• ~

•••

'~7':6

,~,.
'C...l.ID'lh1J

'po ~ ~~t, ~ '!I." ~ ,'",ll· 'S~~nh, '~.,;de!il't,~

I.

p. r.' ••

II!P_'.

"11 •• '

"I." ••'

1I111'"_'.!!.

'-,'11 ,K_e.~~bID~,

'~'>M: 6'.15 ~e~e~~F -., ... ,1"'·" :'II!.iUI ,ltK!I!Illn:\~p" · .... ojI'£
I~, ...... _ I

:~.ba
h-Im.l1

,it"tik: b~Q.I~<2,~ .
II'k.I-lIIl
.I;.___

".~
I

--." -. n·,·'.~
.1".-111
i

•.,.~."~
L...i.,
j ..,.. ......

".~ •• ~
I"~
!

't11"
''iio'!C'
~~~l

I...

....-'11.1
_~ilI --

L..3I." ~I_'_~
;.~~-....I-

IiIi.ooII In!,

.ci+

1;.-11

(I~

.. , ...

=--~-~,--",,,

-:...+.....;[;_~_...

sas
1SI5:

-~--~-~

:,---

"--1-11--

.'--~-T;",;".a..~;.r-' __
u" ...... " •••

11'_0' .; .. .....;[_!"

~;;,_..,_~

;[,

1~~~

~~ .."".~...,.~ ~,'.".,~~., .. ,... ~...... .,.. .... . .~~ ~ " ,

~~

•••

~~,'

..

;.~,

•••

'~IUlil

,Gttm:II:DtI:

',.1.
r~
'"
~'[~I

:llh~~ipl k~,d~:~
~~!t'!C~
_',~I~

~'Iii:
-"Ii~dlf~'~'~'"

~.~
' ..

_ ..~ ,.. ._.,;,.,._,. .

~o

[i;,. __ •• ,~ ,~

_,.

;.......,.. :~. ••••

19~ ~.

dnpn!t;
~~ 'K'-'.~

dilUlliGPP
dII~,

1_lil.w;:!.m,l~
,~[t!l.:

Ua'p~'Ii!iR, laipwQn.:QJjF. _ •.... ,

.. ~"'I"Il:::ll.,~n.i:T+T-'-'~TIi-r-+----:-~,..,.-.cr_:l~~~ii!""f":"'""""T"Ii~~ +

,.~.•..•. ,.• ,.•. ".

'Qumb

M ',.3'
~

~ ~~

1lI~'~

a~

.-C!1l.I!r '-----;:l""I~~~-

'G'
11""'" ....... I~IIP.~

'II,. I.,
;'..

~m
:2't"',
70S

1!S'

'ta,).O~~n.:~iil
l

'pada,Sit:'bi.;~"L1h. kap'a], n~~mT.t -£O.~. .:~~

I' ';J.

~.).P~~ip:~m~unGd~~~bn
, ,

k '.- - . ,-"-":. ,Q.j """ee~-Ql:~~GF ~:~:i:\~P;~G I~), P~~5.t k~HtD.;f'~~~:~p'~g!di_

Ie-- -

• .~~~.~.~ •• , .••._•••.••••••
-l\::c'''::'

~.;=:
--~.

.r'.~_J<_ ..... ~ •••••

~., ••
I

~o••, ,.~.,.

~'IIl!Ib'J1i

·p~~~~.l~' :p~ilfi-.L~mm. 1m'

••• ·.r •• ~." •••• _ ~ ••••• ~ ••••

G4iil'lljij

1.

(<:.~Te.~~

.~.~
p.

~ ..
'!II_-"'°l

n.~ro

•• ·eo••• - •••• ·•• ~

2~-b"
I!

Gi1.:mtlU' ·11J

:~~iti, '~'fif·ffil'ipp-e~:~);lk.~n. ---

....

II""!!I.~p.

"!!~P!!

~'!!i!I""""-. "!!!-

!" ••

'!!

~I!- I"-.!!!

~'I!-_~

~-

!"'- .. -II

Pi!' !"-.-!!'I! P'!II--.~!!'..!!

P!!!"!"""~ -"!!

m1
.21JB

'-111] 211]1 '2U

:21:0
'2.'16 :l18.

~'19
':22..1

,~"tm!'I,_.7;2.5
'ClLIui:tblU
'C'UQ;\I!aliL

":31 :L·:fD.,tiM;~.u(8!..W::!ln_)f:D.dJiillj; iI;u:\~ Ml''1~~ •• ~~.ii.'~ n ...._ •••••••••• 1~.u ~•••~.;~ ~4. ••• .. 'Qa:mfl'~.. ~2· F.:~n;t 1 ~~~ ';'!i.eJ',~W' ..~-.-~_.-~. --.~---~~-_----... -- ----~ ~ o_~:_o._ __.:_..--' -~. 7;,.',~'3 D_~, ~s!ltb\~' :karb~Jr. 'Gam"M ."1:". Vep;t1!lu~B ~i'l~ ~j~:te;g'l!!. ~nllll'te,:r ••• ~.~ ~.; ;-"•••••u .:....~ r~.~_ ._,......
a, -.-. _~~ ..... I~ I.; .d.iI 111.. ...._ •• III I
b. ••

'GaIl·.'.'

.~~
~

1-2"
~l:4J

,I.JI•.IoIiIIol.-I

•• .I.I..&.I. ••

iII

IILa..I11

..1

111UIIL

M~&IIIII.""''&'I,;'.~.

.2'2&
~tIl

:t'~,

VlI!!n~'n:!r.

d_Iii!iri.:f1iin. .;;;,~.

~~~'

~.;.~.

'~OJ

•• "

.~.~

••• _

! ••

---.....0.;

;: .•.•_••• :..

:D~,

'pel~p~e:

I:!e,l:!'~,

.pi:ftcft.·~ "

"....... ••...........

...~.~

""

".

.~ "I'

7'~1 ~~--~~
(~~iI::t!i~~)
~~~l

.~

di.. '~._ :m.rP· :p~~t ~

·~~~f-!l·'_.---'~.~~-;---""~~~~""'~~·"~~~

'm"

prE1"j.l·l1i.U:h,~ ~t,,~_~!a·n.·t.~""~
~..~.~~ .•~........... ~~......._ L.'...........
'''_':l'''~'"''''-''' ... ---'!II!!;l~~~l!!-'!llll ~-li
I~".""!I •• "" ••~~.,~"'~.~.~~

P.
•• ~.~.~.~_.~

~~.'\~~~
............
~~~~.~! ................

u.,

1iiF", ~~·~~· 'II!.... ~',t.'Ii ~ __ ....

1~~!Ii!I;'iI-~!Ii~,;~

"""".~l:.'::_ ~
~.~

ClJ~'

p_...:lII_.
~, -

II-.;..,L~

11JIii~~_~~:Il

,1."...,__if_.iI-_ '1hW-cI.1lI!i!1~!Ii
-~~

,aam..AI
'~iljg.85·

8..1,

Cl;'~ h,uErimp 'tek~1"~"'Mii ,po .~, dum-, ~=!mn <b~~) --~r'~~--~'1.~-_ -~r.-~_-.-,.......-~--_ .... --"";""""-~~ ,..-~-~-"iI" :pJa:~'\, ,~QD ~~·ul. ,F dabrrn"d;ndi'n;t, liejan.a 'IDHbi!D~ :lu'blM .~d'"
~~--r---"="'I"'T"""__ -"~-""II~-

ii'.- .. !~ ... j~6~i

'

................. )._."""""""'_I...-"'__""'__"",_~~,;;''''''''''''''''''''''~~''~gj''''_

- ...... _...,...,.._~~~_~~.... ~

.~.40
':2.-'0
'~'L~' ~

~-"I~-~rr~----~:'I"

1(~)I~

'j~l~i",
.i:a:Jl~1

tbl Oe,T~-·wb~." ~),)Cer.~

~m'm, ..
II
!II

:2.\4_5
-""'lI'5'l

wb~"
III!

; m'~T' ._ "
I'll".' II.
"11'1

..,__ , "or'
~. I liD ..II,... _. II .

'Gam,it!U: 1,1

P,.ca!~

d~

F"'III!

II

i~II.:'2

._I!
~..!.!._~

rr.

1'1111 -

"1111_.!II' 11._' ••

:2&1

,CtuD:b_ 1.3'C~ i.';u. '·A ..

'Gam'rt.i)u: ., ~
~ E!.&:

::l~2
2fli'2·
__ ~ L- __ ••

~~~a.". __
·,~ba!tik

I, .. ~~

__

..;..--i-:l---..-...;..;. ....:;

_011-...0_~

:-_= :,-.!I ......

~,:
1••

--';2';

••

--·rr",-" --

~i-"""_""';

_......... i--r-f--

!.~---- :-----~
u •••• ~,~~•••

M:
':2-6'5 .1&1 -

:P:rm;iI!!!i;c;

~
-!-.~,"",,".

UdJ

•••.••

••••••

•••

~'~LO'

.: ••••••••••••••••

,~u

•••.••~

•••••••••.

l~w;I'!l.[ '.;6 G;.Hm'b:,.' ,.,. ,CAm: •• "'".1

'~I'M"S

H:~\.~
SWt'i:.:;

~PH~
~~~~~a

te~n-~~a~."t!iI"-r.
!II!;......:.II~.

...
!I .......IRoI..II.III,a...:"_I.i~.

iol.~

I":!'II"!I!:il'lr. •••

II!.ri

_........--r.:._~.!1!:.~~ .!'II •••

~!""";;'.-.I.

I "'1I'II1I_:i

i !ii. ..

IIldl.ri

...

._~

"011".~R"'"

~I.

IIII,dl~.

1II'J.-01~"'."

.:100

Sikt",'IQ ·~iEll.Dit

•••.• ~•••

I' •••••••

'! • "•• U! .H ••• d••••••••••••••••

,••••••

"•••••••••••

u.... .. ...... . _ "

".

'2:E
-:.

2f4

Zso

Tldcl.2~1.
TjI&dZ~~

ilt4\ 415,

Tabd2,,]

ss

T.bd·,ji,.1.

T.'bd.

Ta'lf!l,6,;3'

,.2

'T;:j'~ :l6'emt·:De.ndp.·H'onm.~K Be~~I~.G.M,~

_-

~.

...•• ... '~'.","~.' ~~....~~.,~ ~. ~.~" .... ~~....

__~.... ""'~_~.L.&o.......:..~"'" ~
L~ ••• '''~ •••

1.71'
1t<~
\,~

~,i.!..'1I'.. 'n'--- ... ·II:Ii'~~_dIi~DDIiiU.~ .... 'Il"ii,j.~=~.= '1I"";;1~'n,. .'l-.... &'-.G!l!i'r.Jl'I!.' JI21{E!~,\,,-:·~·. U . r: '_.~!I!,,, ~w.::u~lIjja11~~~~_......-~II-"!-f-I"~~~""'~".&..L....I..I..

TI'Iik Ei el\:Q/t::B~"
.
t·

jmZ1L& :B'eI'YiF!~' S'~t

I, .
~ .-.

:GJ.~1iIUl:S•.' •••~ •••••

~'fc'

•••

,~

•••

a.so: ••••

_ ,.

1:"·'Fl,6"o4
T~1Jd'1,:l
T..:bd7~_

T1tik.B~~t 9J~:~-.f~I·. ..i.~.D.~J~;,-"-""""",,,,~"~ 4

_~

__

-I

L=t-y., ..,....,....,...;.

i~
20:~'
:!'13 -',

.[).f;~:e~

Teii<riPdQiiQmJ~

_, '_~_'u~_~"" __ "..

-__~-.

.-~

-~~---~-----_~

..

a ,ir,ml! gM:is arus

p:t'$,®.

.. ..
!!

,:memilit i ,it'tee.epatoo, 'yang $arna

alat'

f.1(ddJa,. druaDl, b ert:mk 1£p:lsaIl,~1aP,:~M 'mn~ men,~ami f'~u'k 'hi'as,:l B;mu k1P'bu 1e([lSi li,eihinBsa 'pm··tik,el:p_"tik ,e:l 'bar 'tlU~·U. m,e l@y,,;a,'ti ti'tik 'yan G' s,ar.na, ,ak,_, t

'S'!U~hl

fltlida, yl'mlG 'mi~nu.nj":kJi:;~

U11.t:tt't :men[ILl k:UF.'k,eJaju,M,

. ~~~~-~.,

al1,~

,atau, ,:~lu,idm. bin

l~~

''US'n'!li 0" ']~I~ii'II ~:'~I'~!f'!' J"~l!!llC IJ[iII~I}II:I:.~i!l.~~

.... i~,II.,t'II ...... ;·;j'L 'm--:- -~~'l!D-~~~~~I.... e;il"lli~:'III1.'t'jl'""' ~tlL ~~,~,~

L-B1~'I,'iII~,

'~,P1iFli ~\J~JClF'~

5;,ik-,,,

..~J!y,~/~

,~1~ ;;i,4..... !i .....,~~ .• ,~·l

:~,g
aht:ol,

..
!I!'

pel."

'ball:i::dik, ..
EO

tlibe:: '~e:t'~IEt1d.arl ;s,uaru '~lrnsu.ri1mu yang Inemp elq:mi H!fl'teman b!'f,bancG pr:o'YE!li~.,fjl(;,
1

'bet,pEak

,.:I ·".10 D,eb':-,.,IIL'

..
"
!O

~etU,tMPa. yoo.g":1nempttnya& :]linJman, ifer'bang' 'peU:::M'olit ~£ !iaN. te_r1"il1pa,~: k IE 'mmpat' 'Lab:l, di alias plF!ln'i!tllicman DL.tmi, k ec,le.pa:tan dU']&n1, 'mle Ink ld~tank!E!'rj~ di1Llk;'tll~ dedaln, ~~'hp~~. '-ltiU.1D, pr~' ~ '0·: ~t~1).. l~t~). 'I1i !EJ!' - ..~ '\ ~_~J~,.
~~'._Q1!:=4~k'li ~ -~--~

'

'Y,c,lume

penmnpmng :~;in':tan8' teF.'~en.tu, dalam s:awan '~m 'l;.:lk'Ul",a~~, inl~fja:5 fibuah, :mes.:m :mOi'W.f'; dlart llain~"lam:.f 'k yan,g :m~1"'lllpW(,m p.ei·;ban,ld·m ~ an.'a'a, e:ne1"rgi il.'t,au,
j,

a.it yan,g mierBgru:ilr dai. '5,ua:tu. as ,Iur an, :me'la1u.~,

~~:~ ~;,-~

'U'elOi"Ii1D" J'~ l~!

d.'. :;.'1... - ~ 1'1.: ~"" . U;-i~lJA~]L

.iIl~IWj·l.U-~

ili.a ..

'iil...-,.:(!~

~'ii!'lII

~~,iL!I;~

m,'W:"'m
~J

~.Il.-.,..
~~

l...:lt~:r~

~I[~"

',.:r.-"'IIiD"'

~'.Gal{tJl

. ·m:u,dah.
I!!l

a:iberikan

:b'e~l·ubah" ilJe~n.luknya ·dan

'lnU.'~

,k·'embal'~.ke·

..
II'

bert,lull' SV~ s' if,a:i 'b ebler.apa, 'bahall ~er'te:F.l'ru:yan(sme;munBk:in;,-kan 'ba'!l.an II~rs. ebu t :k,i!:mbaJIi :1\:, I~ 'uk~ttrulIl S e IDUUla, s Ie1:1; ,d, t k
1

teg,angan yang ,d~DI~r,ikJMdj,tied~kan

!O ii,

!I!' !I!'

u'ktn:~an.k,emaD'lpu:an I,slem. 'I,.UA'mk; Mslla1u.1ik,en-" :k&l'ja, InlH"'gi yang Idm:i1ikj' '5illaJll 'bl~nda :karena ~:1i'aknya

. ".

re!rU~!f.'gi yang ref:s.iglp~,~ :m~~l1ya lenl~!fgi,:paroo :~,~'buah

l~.._ .;; . . ,.

pe,~
._'

~g' ,dirleibntabnpsn. aw lenlergi ;pada s,e;'buah 'blendn 'y:anIB '~er,le:ltU di ,ed.iIi ,tm1~
:~;,~~I.':S!o, ~ir.'Jj~t'II~~, .l,~~~ __ g~.~~~
t,.',i'FIliCfirp;.~ 1,1IlM'iJDai~

:lI!!l!Jik',;i"b~, ~~ _~~.

,~~,~:il ~..-'t'l~J

ab",:".d ~.

,1-9. ~

,.!tI,Bba'~t:II"II'I"'II1 _~_ ~I~=~~

·'as ~,
'

.. ..

iQI'H

EO' ii

a"

dan, ,m~Bl1l:p9ti, ~,e:I~, VnIIDume! ~dabnya, '~Al1U\d :rna:ter,i, yang :m,ie11'empa,:ti, kas re:1.il.;1J?-ull~ '~ladM,;,
't.edepas ~~, jumlahnya

'b~IDr.i k'Dm:lUm. (li?JOO~ 'elM :re,~ativitM (1.'905) tm:palt y:mju,d za;t.:yan:g :mo~letJu.1-'m!OI}eku,]!nya be~sef;ak 'b@'bas, S!min:~,:s;B'~!UifUh ~5alcen,d@;rung,men~b~.g' ~~

'~D'A .u. ~

.. ..
, ':~~""" :rglV&':~l

· B1IiV".

£Ii!'iI!'

._'Nt'''~,j·

..

101

:D'-l

P"Ii" ~~.~ .*·:Ae:I·" U"'I'I'-&), ~~'UGI!I

.. ..

10' ~,

'.., "
10,

'",

ryan B beik.et"ja eli an,'tat:8 dI~la e:n.da b O'aya 'll"'a;vilias:iJ 'biasanya eu.'ku:p be'5ImU'fl:tu-k ClaplS! d~p,~rhatikan :h~ya, j:ika. :s,~, sa,tul ettau k.'e'dua. 'b'enda. t.e1"§ebl.t:1 :SLM,p;t b~sat" ~ misamy:a bl:J;mi. ,fmJomena:ya:n,B dik.li.an dmp:1 :~a.,B:r~iilki1S·iJ yan;G dialM11 ~etiap be,ndla.'yan.g m.e:mpuftyai ,m.3S'sa ldan beraM. di. dalam :medan :BfavUasi bum:i. memp0!'~a.jlm· i, ge:dtamiil ,Ea' ca:il" (fidak, hanya, a'lr)1 darI, ~Bf!o:dinmniikJa ~1·mka1\ 'PI)1 melmp~l',ha:tik~:petllmku. ,Mt. ~ yan@;' titdak 'I.:U~tiger.ak teka11Ba, to t_al. §,uaw c:amp'~l~an ,B~' ,atau uap SSfll.8J, a~ngan junl."1ai['1 h~'kanan, pars:iaJ. 'kD'm,pDnl~'ll-'
.k.,[blmp0R.BfitoD'.ya,

gay:a yMg menPl·:~a:~· s.urSitu bllend_a, ~sep,~t'li ~.~t p ~@r.'ban,B bdwnR' ke ~.ta\ tan:Wt
~a

'tar it menartk

..
Oi,

tagan~.

y.ang d:ilbe,[':ikah ,patia. z_a~' padalt sl!!b~~v:d:in{g'

.. ..
'·,e,
,~¥

e!5'tiJt. ,~ . padlat ,~

~~i?_~'r_egan'~-:l

yarl:S' d'~as:Ukan;nya

aatwn

ba'tas

hz ilkrui ,may;ayari,g b e~t@itjla. 'padjla s'uatu. h eo.da. ·da1'l

:gava iw, 'bekeifj'.n, ·ll\,!mptl'nyai 'mkanan, 5~a ,a:[~, :te'mp'", balk 'te[["'h~dap'

ftb..

.. ~~

;,~':·iII",.

..
",'

'.' ~.A k-' iI!ii ~ :iI;av'u "

dic"

.,

.. ..

keadaan v;o,lume~ 'yans: ~;mna, ;tau. tte1m.p!,.. baik 'berhadap a

II. !wIL~_1

I~~·I·· ma~!JJ.lun v~"b.J

m··
!

'1i''''~1~:0'Clii

~I-Ylt

~Iiiplll'ii_ 1 Y~Jlb_

v;.'...... :I~i !I.~ 'l,.'&..111

~I

to

~,m;bJan y~'g' digu\'nakan 'U_I1l.t~:t :m'en:g:u'k'u':r jum M, ene'r~. ju'mtatt, pm,E ,yan,g dHbu,·tu,hkan, 'lln.h.dj;. me:oaitkan
n· e~r,p;;,.~.~~ - .""* .... OJ! eliJ.'U'~.~, :~aUd '" -'Ii!.. - - ._'I~, benda, a,tew, b~an ui:~,'ter.:hadap k:ena&:an, 'temp'era!tttr.' yang diak;i~,,~;ttannya, p;ipa (~~;g) den:gan. 1"eH:,p ,-an~ $nap~,teed. !,'ubs :tall;s i. y,!ZtUl;g :m ern p,ully,ai. :k e:miE:.mllll.P III.l ia.t1\ b'n'ru_1k. :n;t'e_mp:e1'c'e:pa :1"eaks,i 'k :im.~ e tapi t,e tap te~s,isa, dan,
..J ~'L. - - .::'Il.. ...,.,."..

,",

·-b·.:.;;;"'·~ p~;",,",''''''''' ,i'~'~;g er ~': ·-~tiiII p... '•. U.I~~if;;Ir:....••;'.. :_~: GIIJL.:~ u"""""" -

'~Dm'' ..;-' ~~LU~, - p-' iEliP'5lii'L., ~~'_'

,"'III'"

1_

~"'\~.!I!IlI~

PTi'E!H9i"Ii

~ri;f1'

..,I!Iir_

EII'b"~'u ...:;!1.. ~~J'''~'

., Q IF£. ~

Q~~:U

k,~-·,i'I'R' - ~:k;,atmi'9.'at·ol':
'~." i . '~'~"-

..
!ii' ii

~i~

'1<,

•.

.,.'.'. ....-., 11 ~!...-_ e)." .~~ .J~~

''iii''''
.~_~

..

,"1'~

11<- ,.,.JI .... '1l.. "Il...

~e.f'!j,UW.IL

.-

'Sl-.,,,,,,-L

- ,..:II ....t..L ' ,_.••iil... " :pa~...., ~.n.nr- - 'r~5:Jl

ii,

." ..

'pear.'~_an k.e:pada,se'~':fiel·ubMan.~ .• rakj~~n. '~.I dic.nilit i D,leh s e.'ti~mp·'blen.da; :k. e'1etl1lb~ mie ~ p,efmU~i' :pengn,&n ,tian;j!l ·pin"cie;pa'~~;F per lan,Jba:tan,ll' Ot-1!'l. ,p"e~fubahm\.arM [2,'Ua.ru dae!f,ah ~ :~UaF.ill.6yrul~g :me:nyeUmut.1 :s'U,aw 'benda ,Yml,B':memilik i s'ifat n:l3Ssa, itntu .mJen~gmai f~uida,:yang ti~ 'bieri~I:.dan: yan:g'

ber~~ak
[~~

WID '''''~'iiJildi:''a ,J'c'~ ,~~ ~. ~_~ __' .f:~ril'll'I" __g

,d,:ii,

.'lnem:p·e~aJari. i.e'n.tang· :m.b~!'raksi .an.tara ,gay~',G~y·a. ..' ..

dm~gan.nuida
=~.

MensueJiiodio·iB

'blefl~ -·,ak memu. _.- ~ 'tal" .ID_I . ,.. -

Mm.isku9' .,olek.1

b en.rut
~::IJ~.
..diI,='f

",,~'b..

'~unl"

be!fD1I'~lnC!l-·D"II't 'Hna I 0 CI-' - . b' ICII-'I: embru:__ng ~,tm.ClEt·k.uo:! 'pe:nTlu:kaan zat- cair d:~,
..1.. • d

'b,esM'M
ee ..__.: -;;;WEiUJlll.~J

:Pal.' tJk !E!::. k ec:I1 5,~~a:h..t e~da .y-M~g~eI'dil" aU. 's~jumleit b if a.rom Y~8 'saling 'ber,pu11\B
_.-:-' _", it'i 'ei>i;'!ii"'i.oi"!ii,
,'_

·'1 .., .. t '1= ~ ;L lD"a~t:'e Pl:g-i,~jll _P ~t.mul;;.:2all ,..

.....

y~'-'-':'._ "':l!i:1i :-mt'P"

O ......

"1ii!i;'Frii i"!i; G.i,llll,bGIIlIL

'b e·t'~ait~H de:n~ E!nd~, ...:c~~· b.....:....._~. ~1P"' ":'D be:sm'nYR' _:_:__ ..:.. .1'!= _' -.".' _:__:_." _,__::__. . -;l1~' h~i'I':I~ '&~_. 'i1' I" i1.., ..... b1 ~i.-, ~:t'_.... e- !L IUI&~~lti-J. ~
.....:..:._ ....__: .. ..:..... ~.~
:~I._

--' -.:..:.._'....:

.... :_:-..:.__-

·iiI"'i"!ii~"~'i!"!i1
JIL~,lII~~Eijt

15 .... !i:::iilJ!Ii;~

;'-iGYll.,b

d'''''o-;:i<i',~:ti

..

.riillu.!W,t:;·~ ~_~t~J

..' ..

Uti denpn ,he£;l!pidanger.;ak'Dya 5.i§lt 'Ym18 id~i~'ik,i bi~'b @r.apa :par. ti:ifC 1 @llenlu~n :ym;8' ~er
mieny-eib.abkoo,
.CU;f!iJ

,a1l.'tara p~Nklel=,parb.ke 1 ini d ~, ~,:~UgU~:7-'~ -me·\.Il.I.\I:!j;;l;lmU'ul&.'~-I~1 ~'e'ii'lil 6r'11,l~. b'_,1.. , ... !'L'im.ii.-"I.m . t.. ...... :ii;..,. ~ 'I1~.~ ;,j,...... 'U"flR'"'i'IiD" ~ .. ~ 1;~:~IJa,' dinYi}Jakm se:O\. • 'kl!:lis lil',ikan
II ", ItL '~I~"~~H';iIIJ!;:~l.Lj..
il!"i;iiI"i"Ii,

:m te:r.$,oo.i

W;"l_GU1L,

","iiI'Ii

'f"'U-' h';-: ~I~' .:.:Ii"..g

,I-..,. .•~,t_,

l~~.l::JDL.:..·,

'""""il;' ,J' ClLII.Lie .IL.o:I~,.,.-ih' v---ip' ,-:Pm'la5,

:iJII,

U::.liIli"lu!'.L 1!,w ..... ]lrm'CilL.~.

n,_,..

.. ~,..,.. ~

,:!',.... t.. ~;

C''~'1"]"F7.Ii1lI.'~lll'::>d'~' . .. ",._;:)~,:.._ U' !Ii.....-

..
"

;a...... ... a~.,!I;.;!!

,n

'L",\

r...J

s;lejumld1.
_PJ!.
''-'i;'i'iijfii<''iil'iI1i'O ~a.E~

van,S:
..,...

di5d!f,ap
A'Si!i'~!5'!i,t ~~!p;)!II'

D ~e;h ben'deI.
'lIl1'III)i'~'~.'1l.. ._ .._~o"' :!L'U~ 1C)El

- "·'D.lIla,I~1

-,--, ,...-,~,

. '.'l.ariFIi1Pj11:I'A'n'9Ell, ~ ~~-~. 'II '~f!t"lIJ,~I.... lr-·~~~,a·=·=-T~ !5'i<)-ba1l l-'UI-~~~,

'pi!i;'""p.- ....j,.........:i.....'''''~ L-··~~J_

.u.-l~1L~_ll

i!i;.....,,~...~ ~,~~, ~-.I.~l~lU

~II:JC&

r - .~.- ~~. -

'11~;b1l:~,,,,,~ ~
-

cair. un 'wk
,i!O ~i'Ii

:w.,~,i;., .. 'l..i"i""';,...:I.,.. ,~,,-. !bI~,.i~!~jr;a'~~

~.~~i_t:4Il,;t,11J.

'~i""""

..
",'

ke. benda ',atau' s,js'~em :I!am kaiba:( s elis,ih. temp er.atu:r :pt·GIS!e5~ 'yan G' 'te,rj,md pada. :mcai h.lui~ 'b id.u.p u:n ,lu,k; i
:ff\EU1tgi'lM

k~l"rJ,ohim,a;f ..
,"'

ilk an. ,eQ.'(trKi d.mi

'l~el]~;i[
II:.
'"_,...;iII • ,.,J _,

:m,fit,@,an.",
I'ID"

hn".u t~a.

ger.,tu."an ymlg

,_'L.

pa1i~. :saa:
00,

'blll'!l;rIIRfl.iII,t~:~· u=- -~--,~oI!'I!;.J.' ~ ~ ._ '!;l-Ir.'.~ ~-, r. p;f;!ir~:Si!lnl'FliV~'

..'
to

dengan

,aroo

d a 'I!..,-lIi!l'rpiU ',ar' 'uWl "..ii, ~ '~nrtad~.n:""'I~:""", S:II',t Jd'l,.·I.'~·V?tll'1l,pi' mtmet -"""-~:l!I-- ~-~ !F~ -J -,r'
_.'!Oi!: l~ ~'!;CI ~
~'!;-

Pl'OIIHSYMg'

:ke~ ~'~
• . . '~',_ .'efl!!1 g!. . 'I"
"I'"

-ro-e.r'lan,pu!lg mpa ,sdan,ya

'5uam. ~~,bml
r~&L~

Pl1tar,Em

pmlE

.y.an:!
':,

~·uk

"'.
'" ..

",,1n,1!..U"··,'~ '~'l~IL:I."l..-· ''ilim'n:'GF ~IElI[J. G~lrl [~ Jl~~ ,j:"'~''''~r __

....:Il~,"fij"

..

1_..;j,~"",,,,,~
U_~'l".-=-

.~~- __ '1~I~tU~.

... 'I""'iIi;..~~~

'1..;. __ ., ""-,~""",, K'IbI~·Ld~"I.U-,~~,

..
~,

·sUd.a

..

5'.. lulU asl.

b t~_

,.

.. ..
.,. '",

de! f.'d" M 1· ,I anl,pa; panas yimlg '.: pit t. mlef,mD'rb at . I ,[" ml!g :h'_.' " -,- ~---,,-. ~eran: ,~_ ,'t .4,' 1,',- -.~ :-. b,,~.·,· :- .-,~'h'~ -' ,~-....;11,::: ........ ·':·4il-'~. .-. i;U1, Ql u~g ~J~.~,I_pa .~.-:-: ,r.a.~-l. ,n:u·¥amlL~J 's,,;;!." '~a:m'an 'vans 'be~p~.t'tM dlalam. pip&ipi.pa ·le~l IS. ,dan 'menmi~i Ull,tuk. 'men,..,.:f...~Ukml p'endinoiinan , .. '.' , ~--r' . -- , ·,cr.... • :5ek'e;'~om.p·fl!k, p~·ru,bah~ p,ada 5~'bU.' sis,hlm 'y~g h~rumg'sec~a h@I"aWf,aA ~'g,menRemb.ruihan 'sle;mua pararnue.tll!1;.nya. k_'eailai. ,~jf;a.l s,aR,,[ k~1iun'h:dt se'Uspr ' :ke]D·mpol Pl!f'u]'Jahan ~pr:'ooe~''se btlaR 'b en.,aa :padlat lla!ftl$un:gb tru'bahmenjjam benda_ gas 'mnpa 'b_er'IJ1'bah ..auJ\Ij, ke ben fuk caM". ,_._ . : . " ·1 •

!,e:~L1tftthmastS,S:5 ebuaIl, b iE!f7il.dla

.! '." -. ::--,-,t..· ....

,I

'-"111·'

11".

"

.•

,:::.- .- ..

'1e:JL~"

.,

1,

I.,..

.PKU,bal\M'oo,er'gj "daris.aN. be.n:wk ar,~, 2d:ir."_ pM~~ dan. ,k:en~pu'M.

'N~

,~u,

.J _,

'"la:niC!l"memn,e~ .l:. , . ," "'!ell " . _. r" 15im'::-,bu'[('ltrm-buitl-m" :Ii

:ke 'ben .. ~

',,"JWn,Ci" " ""-".\!CIi'

'me:rI~mr' "a-'"'

~n.~:f:i..me.l~u):.an

yanfJllain~

,lii.e~ja,

.. ..
I,:,k- .... ..u,iW ..ft.:. .;1'':'11'
J

'8~ '~'"'"~ ,f'" ,!!l-I _,'M, :j.,'!I.. WSlrlll"iiIP; 11;.'- J: ..I!, Ic!!
~ i!i_:'i\.. Ii"'iiIl
o:;lll.::.IL~: ..

't.""f-..:1i '~1"'1""II!;' YJ,~ _'

_c,

.9,iil'Sii,~-;i'1I· I ~I L, __ ,;"",,",",Ii. _I~~ IU n' _,g, "" ,~:Ii!"'" ~~, UIi"'i'"

j'~I~'~I'

1pi:~n'ill ~,'''',","iII''l - II!.;!!'~'''' ,~, '~I;,~~,

_.AII- ~ t.. ,11...... :~1Ii.I. • 1,-'!O:J!'I;l.tli.,L!bllil:,'

i;'I

,iI.~11~ ~. ~ • ;i!'ii,'II"i ~~, ~ aIGJ~Ji,~'JL:a'

D'

_..1! ~11<i"'H'i' 11"!i"i.,fi Wi"i, •. i"'io....t! i!'1 ~ L ,", Ul.W_~ :1I.~[.'!G:"'IIJ~Ula~'.rll

pads uj,ung-ij ~~'n.BDya, "".'~'i"i~'f· ,i"i;[,-' ,I~£Q 1'.~:",";jjII ~uihuse bush, ben.Qa,pa.d8!!'akan '\3 ertlbah :mie_nj,a4J, ben.da
...,...",;,1;" . .,.,.,... ~~.IEti,I;,
;;',~I''''' ~-~1J..~

'Ig'~o

tempe'rawI" :ke"('ika k,i!,adaan b!k~an

.~,n.IIfi'i;~ U:EiI.!'''{B~''~' ~:~"
1~~.~!~;IjEa,"

\lap j'enuh ,~,t1a:ru

........ ~

~~.'"I~.ua...:'E·_"

til:tlk lebur.

..
10'

..,
II! ~,

t....:.-...I! !J!i,L""1 . ILE .._-~a.~~ l-~~~,I'. ;lJl ~~ '~~'--._':~ d "":riIFi' . -'-',n J"'.._;;,,,,,,,,'I\.. ,iI,'lfio,p~~''-.c. IU-" 'r."I1, .. :nya~:c;il"""-l1~ ,,,,U" ~j[U, titilk yaru,g mem:pak}ail :p'IJ_sat ~u m.ran, ,B'tau: 't'DlcO~i Sla:t.uan lekanal1.,. yang' dl"gu'oak,an, ida 1am, ~ek:noID gi, 'lQ;at~lnl itn,~~, d~def,~mikaffli; '~~,ba~ .. tml:H: 8' t h ..Ai'\;.E'Fi; -_,_' IFlI ;n,'I."- 'ijjl~ - ....j.:il...,~ ~n",_, eh. ltibi!r..[fi~,~~, ......,., 'N~,np'",1, "1-'Ii\....,., ...,J. U~lllur;.:,~,~,~, :i"Ui-~, 'J'~ ~',6' LIf' UU; ,~u '---' :~II;il'Jl, tLtm'bukan yB!1.8' me:n:~ iba,tkan ju:m:llah, 1\:,oeseIDU1"u'1h.m1
r • ~.,
-~_---~ ---1I, _~ "." ._ -.-~

C'WJ."

c~~,

.1

--.-

' ~; ' £.IIJIJ. ~ ..

-,..-

---

--',

" .. --

,I,. .. _~
--

_._-

iii' .'
'.'

--

.~

--

..

1.3
-

--

_,~-

t!l:i&.;3l',~~I.

1.11

~'

•.

'!I:o ...

..
II!

"',
Ii

'Il-ttn"Aul
jf,o'iYo elastisi.'t,Di

..
ii

..
iii

k :iin.etik 'b-enQIa..'benda. "(~,lp' lO 'ber.mmbu'kan, s,ete lm, ~ .1"~ lU:~'rubntm~l, ~at~ de01pl, jum,lah :kes,ie lui'~uhru~, enlE!!tgi, ,kml!'t~ [S,e.be,lum, '~Ul1bu:kan Bel",akan, 'D'mj'tl mundur yan,g' IC1e,pat; :m.D]ekcd-·mDJel~~:'td, SrUbstam.i.[~W1 b,e1J~\p,'tar'(h~~:vmr~,i)e,bi[b, C~'PQtapabila, l ~ipanaskM, sifalr. Bs,,& zat. YaA,S' bergan,'tunB :pada, p.seran,mDLek'U.l, kflmpOnleml:Y~, :kek'e,n,~, bsnda 'reigat 'yttn,'g 'b"ef:,~n, di. s'e'td'tar suatu 'til.'t:ik; tetRj} re·f.ek,,.an, B :m,enu.n.jt:t'i:t:k,an" 'bab'wa, b ,e,b 'el~ap,a,bahan 'be:rteu'w :mengalrun i ,pE'mb:iasIWl BaL-"d[a'bei la di,be:ri,
i8 f.l@;I['"Pi, a-

te:p1,gan
I

t,ftb'U:D':B' .,i:t,o'i: m,'"; '-, ',8-, ,r' 'n.:~"nII!ck,

I
• .

.0'

'"'
~I

to

"

'Ip:,' lllJ~1I!lI,'II""'-:'9r111 '1!4., 1,~_, il!!iiil!'

.'~41I:!I,. ~,~~;,~ .. ~~

tuik. ,DU!l1,p:kuf :taji1tt nt~ ida. 'l,1 Ul~iil-',panj,;an,<8:-Yml:B menunjuld'M, tidak bu]akU'~ya, p:w.all;t:l
'lin
,=~L;, 'ft"liBiil"Ii
"A-I! Il~,

I;c:ill~ ~

1~:n!.~1,

IC'-~'~'1'-'\~,liCiej

m·~lIlO~'ib...io,,~

~ ~" ~ ~

,ab--·'~,:,1i.. ~! R . ~~~ 'j'[~'~

'L'9'I'jM

t~

.~

;I'~

..
10

dih,Hun.g :SIe!iJm-3 l'nekali,lta ,k.'Il;a]!~.nlNn'l ,~,,~~~,~ - C" m- i5i"!i:"ii'lil... e'~ 1·'~~. enl,~'""ri· ',I,- ,_ ~iii '''IiJia3n -,'~i~,IJU c p ~, J" lJ!;;._,
,~-G ~ II" ~~I ',
1

I~:l~ d· li!!i·nJ~·n ,-, oil. '~Il~ 'rtljuan uni7Ut memm,d~lkanl'll:ya, Idmri S8im, 'tempat' ,~tau,
J: r
,

II.

._,113

~,"

! ;~.-'

!!:::-

l~-'

~ ~ .; ·J~:IIl;Ii~~~·~l m-i"i ,-,,~'~~.1.,_,

10' iii,

t'~n'Gka,

ke

:t.eqtp~U· arIa'll
'LI'!ii t,., 'is .... ~ ..... ,i"i":rl..,. L~!;iiiij.fi.~·~~~~:!lj.:~J'

tin:gJ;,a t :Wn,,~ a'tau,

1jl,:n 'tu ~

:pe:n.tl'f'U nan

't e,k anml, 5.'uabJ, flu :t.d~ yang 'ber,af: -i PJenu;run~:l ,k,~;rapa;~ya

®
.

Inde"
"

]1 ",

.,.: ~

,. /,._.'

. 'S" S·. ulbii'lek' da ..] P·e·... ..·.a·~·~,·ra'.···~ ·.g... . ·~··:,n:':·.· ,In· ... · ·:
, .... .'. '. '. ~ I.. :_1
. '.. .': I." .
1

A
,Ah,u;-an Sin1;a·R. H'I!Q, :1E!9
~~.

G
- -, - 'L ";"J~.• ~'L
1",~1;;;O"l,iIj;, ,~7~

A,-,

; "'iIrCli

~.M"'Ii
;i!!;.~.!i'

l-Ag
"~'

O~llileal 4]jil~i .18, G

GM~·mW' 1~~ -2L6 - .~, .
. .
,

~""FiS'
,st:i:,l.uJd
'a\;.;..-.::Ii

'u;~!~

.._,

1- ~ ';I ,,,,,n, 'lI1 ~·11 'iii''':' ;t. OJ, '!"!',oiI 'II a.~ """':"',, .....oo:,:.wD~ 4IDdJ! -I."'~:,,, ,,ll.Q0! ..

elm idem

1910" 191[ ::C:l'~,1CliI:Ii IP'~~ "';~'"i9~-~I'l"_5' : !IO!!""~ : Ui~o.l'II;i, _ ~W _ C

237" 29S.\io 299., 2;,t-l~, .43,. 245;, 2.~~7:1! 2 '24~1~ '1'S1~, 2§2~,'2.9", '2,!i9j;1'2,5'&,,;257~' !;~,
12'9

~edon,

,gfl;lvjlmd '9,'

~m"dm~Q1l1,

C~sfti:un"HUJFns
D
De~
,a;;:I~
l_J~l!U!

,1S5
297,. 2,9~".,25:~ 252" '2S1~

:k.e'b{eb~

,F;

:Efim,~f:ISi:~R~.
Bk'llpMis1,

C~·t,

-Q:'9j.2.'7·5e '2.76\"~85

l~l.ttdtu
9.dj. f!j1' ,~.
.

237:~~299~"2511"., 2.5'4. b1.\!O ..,6]:" 64,~ ,6!!lJ'.., 1DJ!O 7l~ 62 ,6SlJ.' n'I'
1!'iI"'W"'Ii

''C<,

~t;'lII!'f.!,I' ~ 7~ ,.II,!U!.;I!,f'

~~

11'':iI .ili.ji I"

'1iI ""'ll

IlL.~..

1-"'~; .

''11l1''''li1 ~:~ .&~ _~ ,.w.II.II~ 'II'

,~_,;.!!;,

I' JiI
'~~

,:

llf=: ],''1 '6 4--, '~',

~"

'Ii~

'i!IIl"IiG

,~U7" .w.,w",
"I:
Ai,.

't1"lIII''!Ii

:gc,ya, ~DJri~~i, 38; ·m;. ,!~'Ul", ,~, ·4,7j 49~, SO;!' -t2"" 51. ~5~ 56~ 9,?"",6n G&ya :kn,:pt:ulm 129; 14' ~~ht~ .129i",.. 1:37 . Ge"ta1li :t~pil~:hms 1.93., 21:Q.r '2.;11", ~ G@fda;m,'~:~ lCJS' i~:F.~ '99~ 1021',1.14..'lLlb;~ 118", 124~ .. 159 , 160 .. '161.. 1~", :!1,66, 1.6:9 17D~. 'I~ 1L74l~, , , ~ "Hi: 'l'~ nW.rU~ Ii ·~u "iIf €I'A l'fflfli 1 I-~:U.til Ge:~ p~abOl.Q 1~~"~~i1:3\"M, Cejil- l'OISJ, :159;1'll&i,,, 169;\,,1.11 I~r,. ,r.0'~ lKll!o 169,~,166" l'iQ# 174,;.11,-,1'
1

Gaya :F:aYit~ S7~ 9SjO,(D

~r.JIj)

I~

1'""7 1- 'i Q ",. .LQ;..,

1.90 !lGe tar-an :hsm:lJoniik. 61.; :~~ .. I I., B2\i1' 4" :8'5" 8 ,8'# S9" 9',f ~6
H

:H'iidm:m;1Jl!rter 1't3'1' 1 20$ ss,

'1E':'ii' • .,L .

,~,U&.'1I.JD\

';'"'10 1iI '2'1~~~~ ~I~'l

'11,~,
~~~

'I g,!E' 'iI9~ ,-4;.~~'~. ~~

''I ~"?'

,.La-I;~'~l,i!i

"ga

139;" 14:1l\~,,1.42~, ,6", :1..45", 1..(\6 1 H'Ukwn "I:ioyLll::2S/", 2'§i" 2S~ ..'240.;,2,4~1I!' ~lfi~ :2,,154\;0, ~5S :H'uk.utA J:!11lEU~e.g: '23?~, :9S" 29.9'", 2,m 2

:HukWn Cay l.U3·~ 2;$7

:h~"UOl :pyjl~~. :r~h~~n. ~'7~391 ,(Qt~_e ..

4448;1'5:5 H:uk,tm'l :HoDk,e 61", 62i!' &Si' "g~ '16, ,~, 7IJ,~ ~' •• ,'1:.., 'm' 'T' ,..:II • '.'1.. ii'ii' Cril "'~iil'Iil "'ii..:;~' ,1["],'~.UBol: ,w. 'JiEti"1'rl(J.u~!E}O ";J;,.;J7,, ,g,OO" ,.!:cD T,~,
'2-

,La

'=

U·~ ,~t.--..., _>~:'l1lDl

gQ,..

"",~

.£.;iU" "~,..,,,. ,_J'g

~,"'iI'~

." "'li£..,

- ;~'iii'li" .. - .' ~ ,.:~u:~"-,_",,,",;(,i:., - q,§9 '"1o£Ji"i ' J.J!!, ,;!!,'I!:l!:I':{"J:JI!.l!!U~~&. oi!l!;,:._' j.~~4,_,

ti'lo1~ ::.'~

,2.77' :Hut1Wl1, :!t!l!:te·b;~mom!'nh.1rtl sud,ut .:11519 H'uk1l:!lD"l ,k~ kletJPlnn.rr;:::ref'gi!,en1:~k~ 'l9.. l!OO~, 1.17~" !:1S,oIJ 120", 122 'H' ~"~"'" V. 11, '0"'7,,~ II::~ Iii::A' , ,~u.tn ,p;.~rp&'l!:[,;j;jt~ ~1!~~,. ~

,I ,iIn~p; ~
"III An

161 1- '9'1 ,-,"""'\li

,~-2-::~

]1-~' ' ,.!!",;;II',i!

'ill

1'"7", ,_!l;JI7---:1-~' ~'i' -,,,I..IQ;.''1iLiI:ii

,Ji,Qq ... .;!!;;,Oi!'.I"

'l!I,ilijia

·11,0,'1

:12:9-]jSfl, l'31 19.2, ]39: 134 -~

-~'

-'~"

,~.

,~'

'il1~ ~

'1IIi,~

,1Ii,'i\Ii:it::UTti!:f!ii ~Qpell,
'1J!.1 _. L"........._ ,111!'J:)II:I;m~nV-W_IIi'l
-- - -=--~--y-

".

,~

l-'Ci!:!ii '!IIJ!:iimi' . :0iI7~, ,Jm.'~;.

,.i.!!OiiIf'~,1

'1DIO'
,IJIi;II~',.

'I,;a'(t
"",~,

'jII,AI!:: ,.iii'iI,U, ,.iLi'!iIi o;Ii'",

;I;!'!iiIi,w,t

'II ,iiI~L, _ "I,;;iI1:!! ,.I:."IIIf7

:U'Dimen. st:.tdul 1\$9"

J
JMl@~t PAmctJ;M;'

J~;wt

1]1' '2~ ~Ok''I9ll!' :ml~, '~l '2$..'3t", sa ~i!' 2:1.. ,4Qt 4,1~4S~50" ,51. 54~,57" 59:", 6Q~6B~ l!Ill1~lm,~ ll,oj '11;S~ 1 ~I,~ l25..12"1 :-:11 ,

J~~:

19.5'· ''II ~ . - ..;,r ~-a'i 1

~f~~

'''I'~'iFII "I,Qfl ,.LL7-.llJLII1 - !I! - ---II

"1110'''' ,~r'~J

:en"'- '-.I . __ --

_ '.' -.r __ -_~'

]32.-:---

'm ':~'_iII; ... '-,-., __ , J~..,l '8,'If. ,I ~J!I

oa ~[;
''ill

''1,001

,~7,

::JlIl'JS,

,<'IIi::,_

"1,"'7 'll~ ~-t" wu

'l·.II:n ''Ii '~1 'I ,All-A ~ijfu,; ,.£i!E ,

sz..

'l'!tT' ,,.,"!II

]f;:m:b~kul, Pttnka,o 199"" ,1~95,,.2m" '2!_M,.,21_[16: JahBi'1.m:L~ i[1l!,p]'i!r ss, ,5.41

J~~.ph:LlJiU~$ G~ L~
,fiC

:241,

K,npBSi:t~ lccdOtl~ 2:,59~, ~91~: ~ :2'72~ 2182,

:K,.bui~atior ,:1;98,,. 1:9,5 ...22"" ,22,4,i,!' 2$S

:Ke-~~

~JtmO. 23'1", '2:54, ,it,i!Ce;pQtian, -:nl\il!"~ Soil6",.. 7~ 8,;,'9~,,UilI... 1.1", :~ lSI -.. -. _. "III ,;to "I1~' lL l'''J' '''1'111' llEli "'I!" "!ill ~ ~,., lb i!'!i.~ i!"!I I~ :Cli!'- j; J.Jg[~ ~.~~,£U~I., LA;
~J~~

~ E 'i"],~

56" ss, ._[)'" ,mer ,51, 52~,55' .., 16D~1&1"", &.2l 49,jO' J'3\j '7~~ 7,B,; IS." ''ljl :1' ..9,7~1S;. , fi2J1''SI6... l!4 125'. 126,- 127 :K'~c@:fm;p.n, :.'fm"an, 'hmmi~ni16l. 9(,
• ,,. >;I! ,~ -

,~,;;J~ ",~~ ,""Ii,

,ij ~

~:t!

ij

a'

l";IIO ~

,if;;.,7~~I!"

~l.- oIi'%n, '~' ,#!J~'I"jJ;/;,_~,.,#:.;;),~,

';:!!!, ll

g.Jij
.;;;il.~

~"-~,

Fiil5

99,~102,..113, 11-4" il7 .. 1~", ']21,,"12'", .

'l"~

12.1 :19", IAl, l:S~~',., 1'1, ll,l" :2J[l~2~""23 ..2:6"" 2: 7~2J~,',1.. ~,'m~ $4\;0 , 35~$,7.1' ,19:, £1,"" 4:~" 4f;,~ 4,'1, 41,,, 3 57.. 58 S9~ Ell; 611, ,~ BIl,,.8,1, '8,:.., 81~ !IJS:", '95~~},7!,Qrl<f llO~··114t" 125", 12.7 l Pere~p:~t:aftFW~,~7mDru,i: 6\1,~ 86 :Peoc@p~l:ml" ~lt~ $1~ ftt 4"S.. ,46.r, ~;7:~' 59", 5~~,57 :Pi~1pd:M~ 1"., 'Zoi"g;.., 5:, 6,..,1,!Il~:$0$ S2..., ;m~ "ll,;i' ·~6-!" llD(l..DJ'l:;. ,U~ ,W\!-7 'W5~ 1Il6" . 110';;, 112,;! 'In ~~mam~ 'Bh!i"i"'LO'wH 1-D~ 'l!l=1~_? '!I'D' _~IJI,1I!:Ii1 ;7riJl'I_~..-iI!I!,!
:Plel'"C;e;~~an, 1~,'2J1O :ll:lv
1,

m~, ~ ~

_iii'

I,

.-,

["

_.

_,

_.

'7-!.;pi,jI!

1~.L~1-1

:K,~Q_e,p',M~~]~W:' l i:1l!t,ek~momen~ 'nli!!il.,''1~l· DS',ji 139~, t~li! ,145

• J _ _ ' . I _

.~ir!l Ji:i:)

~I

''1110£ !LOIa~

'tI!O''1'",'r'#'
l~

:K'i]~hsif!:n,msl~i, 129"" 14S,~ L,M,,,1,4' ] :K,IDntl~LUbl~~ 1,93:" 1195~ '21l6,~ 21'1" 2]";10 22.5,

P;e:1'llh ~ i!i~I'",~, 99 t- 1OO1~ l09>!!, :ltl" ::11'16,,,", 117' :t!I- -"'~' ~~,.4.,,,,1iL 1. ~ ..., -I - ,iE' 2,'&~, Zb,Iil,,~5;;a;~' ,_,-'O5~~~ ,,,,t;,.,l'~,r -- ~"7' ~D e - d5 ,~~f~ :P:mSli!'s Miimb,mi1.. '259" 26-2.~'21&8:.. 261,01' :265",
;:;[>~'~ ,~;",~",

220"" 22,11\11' 222~ 223" 2Z'S

"".~ili: £ ,l"".ii

~s;,J_~

?,~""

:i!iJ!ai'4-' L7Q

K:u~t,m,edoo ~f~
l.

,~1;"ZI;;~".t55,,,, ~",,591

te'fi;~"I~

:L!:'nlTHl.R' se'bQ~ml [Ell -~.

11;"..16S,~lM~
J

1'!9 II '''Io11lr1i ;~I~1 d 1~'1 JL~

L~RU~G;~mp~" 1491....145
M

n~,~ Uli ..1-i2~ '~O,,",.l40,"

~!il3ii!1

_ ",~'

I~'.~
'jil ·;111,':;'

'n:
11...."

Lcm,W:t1!limn T,~msan,KI!'b~n 266

:R;~E~~

6'l~ ~

:Re<:I~dtm'l,~H,

es, 66,,-61' ::HS~;I'1.74~ 1,77'

RO"b!eri 'H:ook!i! ,B'9:iI' 1.1,; 81 R:l1ltt~I'll;ait5(mn 2!~'

s
iit_~ib,jl·

~~l!;~;

• ir:'i
~~'~J

- - ~..

1tJi,~

.~~7'1 4i'~r" ~'<t~~

,... ,'~

'19I,"'7A

"1Io'!"ii\1'!"
,~"I';~

~pml8fUiIJ, liI!l'tMimharmclNJ1 61;!! ;gj, 5~'be~1b!2lf!f'efErGi IW

~:,~mel

pe,g~

61,

1J

'--!L..,-, ~

7~~;I,\;,!U~

~I

''IMI

"iii~_
~;II'

"iI[n17_ ~.'I'

D.

101 ,,w,u,,,,,,. ~j 'I' ~M "!I,m. .aiJ_~ ,&U-. , ''Illinill" , ," .L,i' 1 'l'i:l~~ .. 'II ' I: Ii .~li:iiI'_J!,:1- ,.;1~ --1-'~i.t;_.. , '11' ' -iI' u ;Ii,,;I:, -..: ,~'"

"rns

s,
""

1'17~1:1'., DJDt' .1:it., !2~jl~, '2~60",·:~6.~, '~59'f 26-2,.'269, 26~ a~:5if 2i66~ 26,7" 2~,. 269, t.7j: ..214.- 275·-.,2,71·.2,,80· 2;91 '2:,32., '2q:iif..
•Wl· -,~" ~ ,. ~ . ~.~ ~ .~:~.

2·16
'V

'!I!'I:.. :11.-_ V-. '~::w~..

Veldioll :1"2" 3, 4~, ~6;t 7~S~'9" m~, 14:~ '1~ 5 '1~ 1 181;•.30" 3:,1", ~,"_ ss, 3J,i 41.., 47~ 12'1'
-,~lG1~Gr~LI:!tD·,t
''I!.'.i''!'At"!i ...Jl,--~~,\ty~,'1

'~I

"Ii

'alii

~it.

l,a, ,O!ji'l -g~

~~I

V'k'~' f:'-,- - -_.-.~i Zr.:"cj:"--__.~" lJD 11. LS !ll' "';"nl !j '~I . e' ,_ ;po~. '-~ 'i"-:~,Qi~ sa, ,'SiS, ViI!,t_,tb1" ':~..m, l,~ 2, til:.. :1'2"1' V~~turh[NLe'~r:1~'j. 19,5~,:2:22..'224.·22.5, 4:2:6:
-r

'\ire); mr- p!-Ke,patan, 1,. ~,.,g'4 4;7'

'"j'
n -

2:2:7
VbJk~,m~_ .. 1'., l·"'II1~· f' 2140;~: '213 -til .~, .
•••• _ l 1 l!'" _ •• ,

Ha:raf
BaD'

Rami
~I

Nama

HuaI
'B'es,ar

Blind

me(dl ..

,Alph.a

B,e'la

a.nm~.
:De'Ua,
:Bp5~IDn,
,Zs'm

O~ctDn

Pi

R:hB
Si'pa
T~,

B'1a Thebl
,[D't.a ..

Upslloa, Ph:i
I

KS.PP 8
LM'ibda, M-:'II;'II!
[~

Chi.

Psi (lme.ga

,BIl af.l gan-Bilangan

:KO:DS t anta

~!W~!~r

'U'.""""","',,,,,_,,, !!Ir!~~J'''''''': .. _'L __

',~~I~'

...lI'_ll~~

-~'L'l"'.~,

. .tiHIJ~

:P.I"biU\d.!Ln:pnmli~~.l!.kRa,_l'l~
~-!l!i~

"'D:Ui,-"'- ''('.. ':oiL _. 5:"~' ,ill iIO.S -'," il,:Ji'

''IIi'1il'lll'J'

IIIU ,I, -,

....... ' iB!il:\-,

's

,~,

V~~:{1iB~~,pOOQ'D'De~,

abi~.r;;~, (

ki~).

~eJ'ce:'~'R"'ikt
,]iftUlt:,di
-

.~.'~t!fPOOtl.~g,.
-

kM1tit~t~wo.:)

:KiOftIIi'tAni!D. uni;"(I'~m,lpa.'WtBi

'1n'... ... ..,.......~ :r.rv_-I1aIt'a.

~'1(!.. ._ -,

1~.Ii,

.... '_-'"

'lL" ~~,

"" 'IL._
,~l

a.~'l,

&...]11.. _ .. "

~.,
~'~,~i

,F -'lJU!l8142
til iii IC!lD\U

'llllt'iinii"ii<i.", - -.c_:~t,!I~o.oi!i::

·~U.

:1P,.:r-b~san ~,~ ,e1e!lt~,

K;Ci'~;It'hn.m

nmG,Gj:n,

:p:Eomn ,_''ha.d.'m'P
mH.

1,83.&.,.1'2.

R,y~Jb_f!:r;f1i;'m\'~.

f,'MtO::!i!l
~.

yanG iec:il

~_:ali

® C,ata:'ta,nl