Daljeet Singh 2454846 Lab4 Report

Part 1: BER performance with different digital modulation schemes

a) In step 2, explain the numbers 0.707, 0.630, 0.562, 0.501, 0.446, 0.398, 0.354, 0.316, 0.282, 0.251, and 0.224 which are used to test the case for SNR=0dB, 1dB, , 10dB, respectively. Ans. The numbers 0.707, 0.630, 0.562, 0.501, 0.446, 0.398, 0.354, 0.316, 0.282, 0.251, and 0.224 are respective values of SNR = 0dB to 10dB. We got these values by using the formula SNR = 20Log (Asignal/Anoise) where Asignal is equals to 1/sqrt(2) = 0.707 b) Explain the symbol table for 4-ASK in step 4. What is the symbol table for QAM in step 5? Ans. The symbol table in 4-ASK is on regular and equal distances and the real mean square value of the symbol table is 1. Symbol table for QAM in step 5 is (0.707+0.707j), (0.707-0.707j), (-0.707+0.707j), (0.707-0.707j). c) Complete and explain the experiment for QAM. Ans. The result from Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) has been shown in the graph in problem d. BER decreases faster in QAM than ASK or 4- ASK. The dimension for the chunks to symbol block is 1 for QAM. d) Plot the BER vs SNR curve for ASK, 4-ASK, and QAM (steps 2, 4, and 5). Ans.

SNR vs BER (ASK)

0 0 -1 BER (Log Scale) -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 SNR (dB) BER 2 4 6 8 10 12

Daljeet Singh 2454846 Lab4 Report

SNR vs BER (4 ASK)

0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 BER (Log Scale) -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 -4 -4.5 -5 BER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

SNR (dB)

SNR vs BER (QAM)

0 0 -1 BER (Log Scale) -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 SNR (dB) BER 5 10 15

e) Explain and compare your observations with the scope and constellation display in steps 3, 4 and 5. Ans. In step 3, 4 and 5, scope plot is without noise and has less distortion than the constellation plot which has more noise. In both of them the range of the counts was between -1.5 to 1.5 f) Discuss the differences between BER and SER (symbol error rate).

Daljeet Singh 2454846 Lab4 Report Ans. In general, SER is always less than BER because symbols contain bits. One bit can contain many symbols. g) Discuss the differences between SNR and Eb/No, where Eb and No denotes energy per bit and noise per Hz. Ans. SNR is signal to noise ratio while Eb stands for energy per bit and No stands for Noise power spectral density. However, it represents the same value. It is just different way of interpreting the same information.

Daljeet Singh 2454846 Lab4 Report

Part 2: AM receiver (an analog modulation scheme)

h) Complete steps 6-10 to hear the AM station pre-recorded through a USRP. Ans. I heard the AM station and it was the commentary of swimming. i) Explain Rational Resampler in step 11. Ans. To make the sample rate in accordance with the audio cards we had to decimate (divide) the sample rate by 4 and interpolate (multiply) it by 3. Rational resampler is required to make these changes. j) What other stations (which frequency) do you hear in step 13? Ans. I was able to hear 790 kHz clearly and some sound near 710 kHz. k) Send me the final grc file in step 14 with your report. Ans. The final grc file is attached in the email.