Indian formal representation of thought and argumentation

This is a collection to show some formalisms for representing ideas and argumentation in Indian thought. Some are extracts from other books, so are articles that I have scanned and OCRd because the originals were too hard to read. This is an important alternative to the dominating (though useful and powerful) Aristotelian way of representing thought. Of particular interest to me is the way in which (According to Mary Boole) Everest's exposure to Indian thought may have influenced de Morgan, Boole, Babbage, and Herschel.