Presented by:Umesh Badu(03) Manoj Basnet(04) Sujit Dahal(05)

Introduction
Wind is the movement of air

across the surface of the Earth, from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using: wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.

Contd
Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is

plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation and uses little land. The total amount of economically extractable power available from the wind is considerably more than present human power use from all sources.

History
The first practical windmills were in

use in Iran at least by the 9th century The use of windmills became widespread use across the Middle East and Central Asia, and later spread to China and India. In July 1887, a Scottish academic, Professor James Blith, built a clothsailed wind turbine in his cottage in Marykirk and used the electricity it produced to power the lights in his cottage.

Contd
By the mid-1920s, 1 to 3-kilowatt wind generators were

developed. In 1956 Johannes Juul, a former student of la Cour, built a 200 kW, three-bladed turbine at Gedser in Denmark, which influenced the design of many later turbines. The NASA wind turbine project built thirteen experimental turbines which paved the way for much of the technology

Global Wind Power Cumulative Installed Capacity

How is wind power produced?

Wind turbines harness the wind to generate electricity.

Wind turns the turbine blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to the generator and makes electricity. A local transformer is then used to step up the electrical voltage, so that the electricity can then be sent through transmission and distribution lines to homes, businesses and other users. Wind turbines can also be used to generate mechanical power for specific tasks such as grinding grain or pumping water. On the Canadian Prairies, for example, there are several thousand wind turbines that pump water.

Basic components of wind turbines

Electricity-producing wind turbines have four basic components: a rotor consisting of two or three blades attached to a hub a generator that produces electricity in the form of alternating current a control and protection system that optimizes performance and keeps the machinery operating within safe limits a tower that raises the rotor off the ground.

Advantages of wind Energy:

Free source of Energy
Pollution free and its source of energy is free. It is a renewable source of energy.

Its potential as a source of power is reasonably good.

Estimated energy overall earth surface is 1.6*107mw. Wind energy systems avoid fuel provision and transport

Limitations or disadvantages of wind energy

Wind energy is uncertain & irregular, unsteady and

often not reliable. It is a dilute form of energy and needs storage capacity. Wind energy systems are noisy in operation. Large area is needed.

Energy in Nepal
The energy resource base of Nepal consists of a

combination of traditional (fuel wood, agriculture residue and animal dung) and other sources such as hydropower, solar and wind. The imported of fossil fuel especially petroleum products is also raising rapidly (>15% per annum). The use of petroleum fuel for Nepal proves to be very expensive and foreign dependent for the country as its 40% of the national foreign currency earning is spent on the import of the same.

Contd
Electricity consumption grew at an average annual growth

rate of about 12% during last two decade. The main source of the electricity comes from the hydropower with present installed capacity of about610 MW and providing electricity to only about 9% of the population of the entire country and less than 3% of the rural population has this opportunity.

Total Energy Consumption by Sector

Industrial 4%

Commercial 1% Transport 4% Residential 90% Others 0% Agriculture 1%

Total Energy Consumption by Fuel type

Petrolium 9% Biomass 86.9%

Coal 2% Electricity 2% Renewables 0.1%

Historical Background of wind energy production in Nepal

Early seventies: USAID supported to establish a wind turbine

at Rampur in Chitwan District (Southern Plain)

Late seventies: an individual installed a wind turbine for

pumping water in Ramechhap District (Eastern hilly region)

RECAST: Two wind turbines from India for water pumping In 1985, Feasibility study of wind power plant in Mustang and

Myagdi

Contd
In 1989, Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), installed and

operated two 10kW wind turbine generators (WTG) in Kagbeni of Mustang ( Supported by DANIDA) From1990-95,Krishna Grill and Engineering Works(KGEW) fabricated and installed 3 wind pumps in the eastern region of Nepal. In 2001 WECS has established five anemometer stations to assess the Wind energy potential in Nepal.

Current Status of the wind measurement stations

Okhaldhunga Nagarkot(Bhaktapur) Butwal(Rupandehi) Kagbeni(Mustang) Thini(Mustang) Palpa(Palpa) Ramechhap Phakhel, Makawanpur Neta, HansapurVDC, Pyuthan Achham KarnaliChisapani

Effort in Mustang
The first systematic attempt to utilize wind energy for

rural electrification Two 10 kW wind turbine generators ordered from Cresswell Engineering (UK) were installed in Kagbeni in December 1989. The total cost of the project was N. Rupees 6.8 million (approx US $150,000) in 1989. The estimated energy production was 12,000 kW per year generating revenue of NRs. 40,000. The expected annual operation and maintenance coat was NRs.200,000 It was a complete failure.

Causes of failure in Mustang

The investigation in the Mustang fiasco was undertaken by

NEA to ascertain the reasons for the failure. It is reported that though the average wind speed in Kagbeni is about 9.2 m/s, number of hours with high wind speed is significant, wind turbulence due to the proximity of mountains was not taken into consideration during the design. When Cresswell Engineering arrived for the installation, they realized that the wind was stronger than the expected and they cut 0.5 m of each blade, which may have resulted in unbalanced system. Furthermore, yaw brakes of the wind turbine generators were very weak and caused significant stress on the system.

Current Status
Application and End Uses

At present, even though it is very negligible, there are only two sectors of wind energy utilizing: one is energy for domestic lighting through battery charging and another is pumping of ground water through mechanical power.
Technological Status and potential A preliminary survey of Department of Meteorology and

Hydrology indicates that wind energy can be harvested in Nepal for generating electricity and pumping water in hills and Terai respectively. A study was undertaken in Solukhumbu district to determine wind potential in1997 with World Banks support. The study revealed that the average wind speed in the Khumbu region is 5 m/s and the electricity thus generated would be cheaper than the cost of kerosene in that region.

CONTD The potential survey done by Dangrid in 1992 with UNDP funding shows that 200MW of wind power can be produced in the 12-km corridor from Kagbeni to Chusang alone. It is estimated that 500 GWh electricity can be generated annually.
Institutional Status

Government Policy Overall government policy on renewable energy technologies also mentions wind energy. In the Eight Plan the government had allocated NRs. 30 million for the development of the wind energy in Nepal, including the preparation of Wind Energy Master Plan. However, the Master Plan has failed to materialize so far.

CONTD
Organizations There are no institutions specially meant for the development of wind power in Nepal. No preference is given for wind power development except general commitment to study prospects of energy utilization and wind mapping. Legal Arrangements There is no legal acts or policy regarding wind energy utilization in Nepal. Financial mechanism No financing institute has so far provided loan for wind energy development in Nepal. No subsidy has been allocated or proposed except for some incentives for import of equipment for wind energy development.

CONTD
Human Resource Development There are no formally trained professionals and technical manpower in the country and there are also no manufacturers yet. No formal education is being provided by any institutions in Nepal on wind energy

Environmental Issues
Modern wind energy converters (WEC) can generate

energy required for providing it within three months and in twenty years of operation it can generate up to eighty times more energy than required for its production. A 600kW WEC can displace 1200 tons of carbon dioxide annually. However, if not properly planned and installed wind power plants can lead to noise pollution, radio interference, land-use conflicts, interference in the way of birds, and spoil the aesthetics.

Barriers in development of wind Energy in Nepal

Past failures have negative effects on the development of

wind energy in Nepal. In all previous attempts to harness wind energy in the country, very little efforts had been made to study the characteristics of the wind in the specific areas. Lack of adequate information on wind characteristics is the primary reason for the past failures. Lack of appropriate institutions to study wind, design and implement wind power projects, provide maintenance services, information, etc. were also some of the reasons for failure.

Future Strategy and Recommendations

Technical
Installation of micro (100 Watts) Wind Energy

Converters in remote areas to power battery charging stations for lighting. Installation of small wind and hybrid systems (WindPV, Wind-Diesel. Wind- Gasifier, etc.) in the Terai and valleys for pumping water for irrigation drinking purposes. Installation of large Wind Energy Converters for supplying electricity to the grid.

CONTD
Research and Development The research should focus on innovations on preparation

of wind database and analysis, demonstration schemes, fabrication of low-tech items, use of cost effective technologies .
Wind Data Collection and analysis For technical and financial viability of wind power station

the first and the foremost requirement is the detailed wind characteristics of the station site. Since Nepal does not have much information on wind speed in different parts of the country priority should be given to collection and analysis of wind data before large-scale plants are installed.

CONTD
Entrepreneurship development Private sector workshops should be encouraged to

fabricate as much of the components as possible within the country. Local communities and individual entrepreneurs should be supported in smooth operation and management of the power plants.
Legal Arrangement

Legal provision regarding occupation of public land and

impact due to noise be made so that entrepreneurs can work freely.

CONTD
Human Resource Development Local manpower for collection and analysis of wind

data, design, equipment selection, fabrication of components, installation, after sales services, operation, maintenance and management of wind plants need to be trained.
Subsidy Subsidy should be provided for the total cost including

both electrical and mechanical equipment, battery charging station, tower and foundation works and transportation.

Conclusion
Wind energy can be one of the most efficient, environment

friendly and renewable energy for the context of Nepal. The nature of wind energy available in Nepal suggest that the detail site-specific measurement of hourly wind speed is required for designing and evaluating the performance of wind energy electricity generation system. However, the wind energy utilization for pumping water may not require sophisticated wind speed database. Also demonstration of small-scale wind energy systems may be carried out with the active participation of local communities. There may be a possibility of utilizing wind energy to develop the hybrid system with other renewable energy technologies, so that optimum use of different renewable energy resources can be made.

References
http://www.nepalitimes.com/issue/2010/12/17/Nation/177

50 http://www.energyhimalaya.com/sources/windenergy.html http://www.aepc.gov.np/index.php?option=com_cont ent&view...

Thank you!!!