DESIGNING THE HIGHWAY

Click to edit Master subtitle style

7/13/12

Median in various form, becomes absolute requirement for highways because of this following advantages: 1.It is an effective means of reducing headlight glares, conflicts, and
7/13/12

HIGHWAY MEDIAN

For Narrow median, there are 4 means in reducing cross median accidents: 1. Provide deterring devices. Two sets of double strip painted on the existing pavement, raised diagonal bars, low curbing and shallow ditches. 2. Provide non-traversable energy absorbing barriers. The line chain link fence 1 meter high supported by steel post augmented by cables at the bottom and midpoint. Nontraversable rigid barriers are metal guard rail. 3. Provide non-traversable rigid 7/13/12 barriers.

In laying the grade line, the designer must consider the following : 1. Where earthwork is minimal and consistently meeting sight distances in relation to grade line, economy is one main consideration. 2. In mountainous areas, the grade line must be considered balanced excavation against embankments to get the minimum overall cost. 3. In flat area, the grade line is set almost parallel to the ground surface but sufficiently above the ground for drainage purpose. 4. Undesirable native soil should be provided with sufficient covering. 5. Grade line elevations along the river or 7/13/12 stream, is governed by the expected level of

VERTICAL CURVE OVER CREST

All vertical curves should not be shorter than the established minimum over crest. But some designers prefer no vertical curve t be shorter than 300 meters. AASHTO(American Association of State Highways and Transport Official) suggested that the minimum curve length varies with the design speed in meters distance = 8 x the velocity in kilometers hour. the vertical distance from the intersection of the straight grade line to the curve is equal to one eight of the product of the algebraic difference in grade line and the length of the 7/13/12 curve in stations. This is called the maximum

The correction at any intermediate point is obtained by:

1. Multiplying the maximum correction by the

square of the horizontal distance between near end of the curve and the point.
2. Divide the product by the square of one half

the length of the curve.

7/13/12

RIGHT OF WAY
Acquisition of land for the right of way is very costly. A successful freeway operations, closes the roadway from direct access to adjoining property and some local roads or streets. Frontage road shall be permitted to enter connecting cross streets only at distance of at least 100 meters for rural road and 50 meters for urban conditions.

7/13/12

Stopping Sight Distance

The stopping sight distance is defined as the

longest distance that a driver could see the top of an object 15 (6)centimeters above the road surface where the design height of the drivers eye above the pavement is 105 centimeters. Stopping distance is made-up of two elements or object is seen and before the driver applies the brakes.

1. The distance traveled after the obstruction

7/13/12 2. The second distance is consumed while the

Example of stopping sight distance: A 5% grade intersects a -3.4%grade at station at station 1+990 of elevation 42.30m. Design a vertical summit parabolic curve connecting the two tangent grades to conform with the following safe stopping sight distance specification. Design velocity= 60 kph, perception reaction time =3/4 sec and coefficient of friction between the road pavement and the tires=0.15 determine the stopping sight distance? Solution: S= v t + _ V____

7/13/12

The passing Sight Distance

The passing sight distance is the longest distance that a driver can see the top of an oncoming vehicle where the drivers eye level is 1.o5 meter above the pavement surface. The relationship between the passing sight distance, the algebraic difference in grades, and the length of vertical curve is represented by the following equations: L=2S - 943 A
7/13/12

where S is greater than L

L= AS2 943 meters

where: S is less than L L is length in

L= length required of vertical curve S= specified sight distance A= algebraic difference in grades expressed in percent
7/13/12

Road Alignment
Road alignment should be consistent. An abrupt change from flat to sharp curve and long tangents followed by sharp curve be avoided because it will only create hazard an invite accident similarly, designing circular curves of different radius from end to end or compounded curve is not a good practice, unless suitable transitions between them are provided.

7/13/12

Circular Curve
A vehicle traveling in curved road is subject to centrifugal force. This force is balanced by equal and opposite forces developed through the super elevation and side frictions. How ever, neither the side friction on the super elevation, could overcome nor exceed the maximum control and limit on the sharpness of a curve is dependent on its radius. Sharpness is expressed in terms of the curve degrees, and the degrees of curve is inversely proportional with the radius. The degree of curve is expressed either by 7/13/12 the Arc definitions or the Chord definitions.