CM-Vision

Quality in Cementing
Prevent Cement Sheath Failure

Customers Wants:
Zone isolation
Good CBL ---->High Compressive Strength?
5 to 200 PSI to support casing 500 PSI to continue Drilling 1000 PSI to Perforate At least 2000 PSI to Stimulate & Isolate zones Enough strength to side track

How much do we really need?

Cement Evaluation Nomograph - M volts / CEMENT COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

A word about CBLs 1987 : RELATIONSHIP CBL/CEMENT COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH NOT so GOOD

CBL ATTENUATION RATE (%) 125 100

75
50 25 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (PSI x 1000)

CBL ATTENUATION RATE RELATED TO CEMENT ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE (Z)

CBL ATTENUATION RATE %) 125 100 75 50 25 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE (106 Kg m-2 s-1 )

Why Compressive Strength Instead of Acoustic Impedance?

ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF CEMENT

We Lack Magnitude Sensitivity!!!

LOW TEMPERATURE HIGH POROSITY HIGH TEMPERATURE LOW POROSITY Z(Mrayl)

SLOW EVOLUTION FAST EVOLUTION

ULTRA STRONG CEMENTS

8.0 WEIGHTED CEMENTS Months 7day 1 day

6.0
4.0 2.0 1.5 0.1

15.8 PPG CEMENTS

LOW POROSITY- LIGHTWEIGHT WATER GAS HIGH POROSITY- LIGHTWEIGHT SLURRIES

Compressive Strength
Cement Evolution

Typically cement Exhibits an Curve.

shape

1st slope, cement hydration up to maximum temperature and setting C3A and C4AF 2nd slope, Early Hardening (5 to 10 hours) CaOH and C3S 3rd slope, Stabilization period C2S

Compressive Strength S shape

Compressive Strength of Cement ????????????

Youngs Modulus Vs Compressive Strength of Cement

Dynamic (digital) Vs Static (mechanic) they are never the same

S ta tic - D y n a m ic Y o u n g 's M o d u lu s C o r r e la tio n

3 .0 0 U n c o n f in e d O p t io n L in e r 3 C o n f in e d U n c o n f in e d 2 .5 0 C o n f in e d y = 1 .1 4 0 8 x - 1 .3 6 3 4 L in e r O p t io n 4 y = 0 .9 2 8 2 x - 0 .7 1 5 4

2 .0 0

1 .5 0 L in e r O p t io n 1

1 .0 0 T a il T ie - b a c k O p t io n 2

0 .5 0 L in e r O p t io n 2

UCAs data is the worst case - because , even though is measured electronically, it is derived from Static data (versa tester) converted by means of a best fit algorithm into PSI
3 .5 0

S t a t ic Y o u n g 's M o d u lu s

0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .5 0 1 .0 0 1 .5 0 2 .0 0 2 .5 0 3 .0 0

D y n a m ic Y o u n g 's M o d u lu s ( M P s i)

Ultimate Strength of Cement

13 PPG slurry Just Checking!!

3,000 PSI

Applied Pressure
15,000 PSI

3,000 PSI

0 PSI

Ultimate Strength of Cement

13 PPG Slurry Just Checking!! 3,000 PSI
Applied Temperature
250 F

0 PSI

80F

Compressive Strength of Cement

Ultimate Confined

Source - World Oils 1977

Conclusion

Compressive Strength as used today is just a reference .a. Meaningless Reference

Compressive Strength Requirement

What do we really need? A cement that have lower K than any of the producing zones. A cement that will withstand the cyclic stresses during the wells life. What stress is most Important? Compressive, Tensile or Flexural.

Cement Sheath Failure

Cement once it has set it does not magically disappears from the annulus Generally low strength cements are more ductile and can take stress cycling, one suggestion delete the tail slurry
Goodwin and R.J. Crook, SPE 220453

Build a Simulator for Compressive Strength Vs Early Time

To help Design Light Weight Slurries specially at High Temperatures

Simulator Modeling
Cs= K(x) *e(-t*T(x)*(F(water) +F(cement)+F(additives))

Where every (x) function is divided in physical and chemical properties

KOT=90 to 120 minutes + F(water) +F(cement)+F(additives)

K(x)

Note:Where KOT (Kick Off Time) is the the point where Strength start to develop. It is shorter than CS 50 time and normally shorter than T Time

Database Comparing HECS range Vs Actual

470

370

270

170

70 73 117 138 166 KOT 181 188 201 213 240 265

CS 50psi

Database Comparing HECS range Vs Actual

Chart Title

2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40

CS 50 psi / KTO

1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 BHST 110 121 128 135 135 146 150 BHST 165 180 206 270 300

Ratio CS50 - KOT

Trend CS50/KOT

Database Comparing HECS range Vs Actual

Database Comparing HECS range Vs Actual

HECSs Simulations

To produce reasonable Compressive Strength Predictions the slurry must be Stable :

Slurries must have low Bulk Shrinkage Slurries must have little segregation Slurries must have low Free Water Set Cement density must be within 0.3 PPG of Design Density (measured by Arquimedes method)

MARA H + 9% MPA-1 + 0.25% A-2 + 0.8% BA-10 + 0.6% CD-33. @ 15.0 ppg. BHST = 146 F / BHCT = 110 F Fluid Loss = 38 cc/30

13 3/8 Tail Slurry

20 18
Compressive Strength (psi)

3500 3150 2800

Temperature (F)

400 360 320 280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 0:00

16
Transit Time (microsec/in)

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

2450 2100 1750 1400 1050 700 350 0

3:30

7:00

10:30 14:00 Time (HH:MM)

17:30

21:00

MARA H + 9% MPA-1 + 0.25% A-2 + 0.8% BA-10 + 0.6% CD-33. @ 15.0 ppg. BHST = 146 F / BHCT = 110 F Fluid Loss = 38 cc/30

13 3/8 Tail Slurry

Mara Class H + 35% S-8 + 0.15% FL-54B + 0.7% R-3 + 1.5% CD-31 @ 16.4 ppg. BHST = 270 F / BHCT = 225 F Fluid Loss = 95 cc/30
20 18 4000 3600 400 360 320

9 5/8 Lead Slurry

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

2400 2000 1600 1200 800 400 0

Temperature (F)

14

Compressive Strength (psi)

16

3200 2800

Transit Time (microsec/in)

280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 0:00

4:00

8:00

12:00 16:00 Time (HH:MM)

20:00

24:00

Mara Class H + 35% S-8 + 0.15% FL-54B + 0.7% R-3 + 1.5% CD-31 @ 16.4 ppg. BHST = 270 F / BHCT = 225 F Fluid Loss = 95 cc/30

9 5/8 Lead Slurry

Using Aluminum to Improve HIGH EARLY COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

FWC-47,AEF-100L,T-40L,MPA-1

Vencemos Class A + 5% MPA-1 + 0.4% A-2 + 0.7% BA-10 + 0.2% CD-33. @ 13.6 ppg. BHST = 146 F / BHCT = 110 F Fluid Loss = 45 cc/30

20 18

3000 2700

400 360 320

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

1800 1500 1200 900 600 300 0

Temperature (F)

14

Compressive Strength (psi)

16

2400 2100

Transit Time (microsec/in)

280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 0:00

3:30

7:00

10:30 Time (HH:MM)

14:00

17:30

21:00

Vencemos Class A + 5% MPA-1 + 0.4% A-2 + 0.7% BA-10 + 0.2% CD-33. @ 13.6 ppg. BHST = 146 F / BHCT = 110 F Fluid Loss = 45 cc/30

Vencemos Class A + 8% MPA-1 + 0.4% A-2 + 0.7% BA-10 + 0.2% CD-33. @ 13.6 ppg. BHST = 146 F / BHCT = 110 F Fluid Loss = 38 cc/30

20 18

3000 2700

400 360 320

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

1800 1500 1200 900 600 300 0

Temperature (F)

14

Compressive Strength (psi)

16

2400 2100

Transit Time (microsec/in)

280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 0:00

3:40

7:20

11:00 14:40 Time (HH:MM)

18:20

22:00

Vencemos Class A + 8% MPA-1 + 0.4% A-2 + 0.7% BA-10 + 0.2% CD-33. @ 13.6 ppg. BHST = 146 F / BHCT = 110 F Fluid Loss = 38 cc/30

Cement Joppa Class H + 15% LW-7 + 10% MPA-1 +.05 gps R-21L(B) + 0.1 gps CD-31L + 0.3 gps BJ Blue D = 13.0 lpg / BHST = 250F

20 18
Compressive Strength (psi) Transit Time (microsec/in)

3000 2700 2400

Temperature (F)

400 360 320 280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 0:00

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

2100 1800 1500 1200 900 600 300 0

3:50

7:40

11:30 15:20 Time (HH:MM)

19:10

23:00

Cement Joppa Class H + 15% LW-7 + 10% MPA-1 + 0.05gps R-21L(B) + 0.1 gps CD-31L+ 0.3 gps BJ Blue D = 13.0 lpg / BHST = 250F

Preventing Cement Sheath Failure

1- OUTER FORCES 2- INNER FORCES 2.1- Temperature 2.2 - Pressure

Well-bore Pressure Increase

Radial stress is Compressive and Tangential stress is Tensile, both are linear with Pressure increases Tangential stress is higher at pipe/cement interface, potential problem radial cracks propagation Tangential stress becomes compressive at rock interface Softer rocks will require cements with higher tensile strength

Well-bore Pressure Decrease

Radial stress is Tensile and Tangential stress is Compressive Radial stress is higher at pipe/cement interface, potential problem is de-bonding from the pipe Radial stress is also Tensile at cement/rock interface, potential problem is de-bonding from the rock Harder rocks will require cements with higher tensile strength

Well-bore Temperature Increase

Radial stress is always Compressive Tangential stress is Compressive near the pipe/cement interface and Tensile near cement/rock interface at early times
Softer cements than the rock will produce lower tensile strengths potential problem radial cracks propagation

Improving Tensile Strength

Requires special additives

Improving Tensile Strength

Test Slurry # 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Class H Class H Class H Class H Class H Class H Class H Class H Class H Class H Class H Class H Class G Class G Class G Class G Class G Class G Class G Class G Base Cement Density Lbm/gal 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.8 Temp F 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 170 170 170 170 170 120 120 120 120 170 170 170 170 100 GHS SBR Latex 10% (BWOC) CASiO3 Fiber 10% (BWOC) HRM 100 GHS SBR Latex 10% (BWOC) CaSiO3 Fiber 10% (BWOC) HRM 5 pps Nylon Fiber 100 GHS SBR Latex 10% (BWOC) CaSiO3 Fiber 10% (BWOC) HRM 5 pps Nylon Fiber 100 GHS SBR Latex BA-86L 200 GHS SBR Latex Additive #1 Additive #2 24 Hr Comp. Strength (Psi) 3150 3263 3045 3642 4567 5829 5733 5425 24 Hr Flexural Strength (Psi) 866 819 948 874 1350 1518 1276 1007 24 Hr Tensile Strength (Psi) 358 400 413 473 391 573 689 428 442 511 479 610 425

85%3888 75% 898 92%

100 GHS Liquid PVA BA-10,FL-45LS 10% (BWOC) CaSiO3 Fiber 0.2% Dispersant 10% (BWOC) HRM MPA-1 0.4% Dispersant

Also BA-100

1378 13%5177 44% 43% 0.2% Dispersant 5717 1555 0.4% Dispersant 0.2% Dispersant 6500 4012 3488 3799 5212 4173 3707 3920 4865 1845 1097

30% 0.2% Dispersant

0.3% Dispersant 0.2% Dispersant

35%

915 1138 1539 1092

17%

422 373 498 353 442 406 484

16% 0.2% Dispersant

0.3% Dispersant

34%

1171 1470

37% 1237

How to use CMVision

Objective is to reduce costs

Initial Strategy New Design Criteria to reduce Slurry Density

Start from a slurry that produces good logs or at least 2000 PSI C.S. /24 hours (Neat slurry that has good strength Properties). Using HECS Program estimate all strengths Reduce density until a Minimum acceptable C.Strength in 24 hours is obtained, record TS. Add a flexural additive (i.e.:10% MPA-1) to the slurry and reduce the density until the estimated T.Strength is similar to the previous slurry. Check that the new slurry density has higher density than mud (between 0.5 and 2 PPG of the mud density).

STEP 1 - Checking on Actual Strengths

STEP 1 - Checking on Actual Strengths

Step 2 - Matching Tensile Strength Reducing Density + adding a Tensile additive

Step 2 - Matching Tensile Strength Reducing Density + adding a Tensile additive

Second Alternative Reducing WOC for All Cement Slurries

Cement Boyaca Class G + 35% S-8 + 0.085 gps R21L(USA) + 0.02 gps CD-31L + 0.01 gps FP-6L(B) D = 16.0 lpg / BHCT = 196 F / BHCT+10 = 206 F Strength: 3620 PSI @ 68:26 Horas
20 18
Compressive Strength (psi) Transit Time (microsec/in)

Go for minimum Compressive Strength needed and reduce rig WOC by adding Aluminate additives such as MPA-1, AEF-100L, T-40L, FWC-47

Cement Boyaca Class G + 35% S-8 + 15% MPA-1 + 0.06 gps R-21L(B) + 0.2 gps BJ Blue +0.01 gps FP-6L(B) D = 15.0 lpg / BHCT = 196 F / BHCT+10 = 206 F Strength: 2593 PSI @ 67:37 Horas
4000 3600
Compressive Strength (psi)

5000 4500 4000

Temperature (F)

400 360
Transit Time (microsec/in)

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 11:30 23:00 34:30 46:00 Time (HH:MM) 57:30 69:00

400 360 320

Temperature (F)

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

320 280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 0:00

3200 2800 2400 2000 1600 1200 800 400 0

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 0:00

11:20

22:40

34:00 45:20 Time (HH:MM)

56:40

68:00

Testing zone isolation for Cement Sheath Failure

Have CM-Vision calculate Stresses and strength requirement for actual Cyclic Conditions on well life, i.e.: well 15428 ft depth, 7 liner, 10.9 ppg mud, pore pressure 0.54 psi/ft, 235 F pressure :well-bore 8700 psi & fracturing 13623 PSI tensile strength requirement for 4900 psi tensile strength requirement for 4000 psi

Testing zone isolation with cement sheath failure

Fracturing Pressure

Fracturing Pressure + Cool Down

Well-bore Pressure Draw-down

Cliffs Data

Cliffs Data
0 0 20 100

Cliffs Data

0 0

20 100