Matter
Matter
Particles
Matter
PARTICLES ATOM
MOLECULES
1. Contains two or more atoms which 1. Tetrachlorometha are bonded chemically together. ne (CCl4) 2. Can be same kind or different kind 2. Hydrogen gas of elements. (H2)
IONS
1. Charged either positively or negatively. 2. Ions are formed in liquid state or in molten state.
The theory based on 3 assumption: 1. All matter is made up of tiny and discrete
particles called atoms, molecules or ions. The particles are moving continuously and at random.
2.
When the particles are close together, there are attractive forces between them.
SHAPE
definite
None
VOLUME DIFFUSION
A movement of particles from more concentrated place to the less concentrated places
Heat energy supplied Particles absorb heat kinetic energy increases particles move faster
AB = All the naphthalene is in the solid state. Point B = Melting of the naphthalene begins BC = A mixture of solid and liquid naphthalene Point C = All the naphthalene has melted CD = The temperature of liquid naphthalene increases
PQ = The temperature of liquid naphthalene decreases. Point Q = Cooling (solidification)of the naphthalene begins
In
heating curves of naphthalene, C10H8, the heat energy is absorbed by the particles to overcome the attractive forces between particles so that the solid can turn into liquid. cooling curves of naphthalene, C10H8, the heat lost to the surroundings is balanced by the heat energy released as the particles attract to each other to form a solid.
In
3. Described the atom as a sphere of positively charged which contains a few negatively charged particles called electron.
1. Discovered the proton. 2. Proposed that all the mass and all the positive charges are concentrated in a small region at the centre of the atom called nucleus. 3. The number of proton = the number of electron 4. The electrons orbit at different distance around the nucleus.
1. Rutherfords student. 2. Proposed that electrons are arranged in concentric circular paths or orbit around the nucleus of the atom. 3. Proposed that electron in a particular paths have a fixed energy. 4. The electrons can jump from one orbit to another orbit.
ELECTRON e -1 ~ 0.0005
NEUTRON n 0 1
Proton
Nucleon
Proton
Number of neutrons
Number of protons
Nucleon number
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
ELEMENT
SYMBOL
ELEMENT
SYMBOL
H C N B O P F
K Al Ca Si Br K Zn
HYDROGEN ATOM
Number of Proton Number of Electron Nucleon Number 1 1 1+0 = 1
CARBON ATOM
6 6 6+6= 12
URANIUM ATOM
92 92 92+146= 238
NUCLEON NUMBER
A Z
ELEMENT
PROTON NUMBER
ELEMENT = Neon
20
10
PROTON NUMBER = 10
Ne
What
is isotope??
Uses of isotope in
MEDICINE
Explanation
1. Sodium-24 is used to detect the clotting blood in the patients body. 2. Iodine-131 used to detect tumour in the brain. 3. Cobalt-60 is used to treat and kill cancer cells.
AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY
1. Phosphorus-14 isotope is used to determine the rate of absorption by plants. 1. Sodium-24 isotope is used to detect leaks in underground petroleum piping. 1. Carbon-14 is used to determine the age of artifacts, antiques and archeological specimens.
PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
GENERAL
THANK
Potassium
ion Bromide ion Copper(II) ion Nitrate ion Iron (III) ion Magnesium ion Oxide ion Iodide ion Hydroxide ion
Chloride ion Sodium ion Carbonate ion Iron (II) ion Phosphate ion Calcium ion Zinc ion Ammonium ion Sulphate ion
Number of neutrons
Number of protons
Nucleon number
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
NUCLEON NUMBER
A Z
ELEMENT
PROTON NUMBER
NUCLEUS
Example ::
ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT
ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT
2.4
2.8.7
ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT
ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT
2.6
2.8.4
TEXTBOOK
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SUBMIT
YOUR NOTES FILE & EXERCISE BOOK BY FRIDAY GEAR SUBMIT AFTER CHINESE NEW YEAR Page 1-7, 9-16
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