CELL DIVISION

CHAPTER 5

Significance of mitosis
Growth- allows a zygote to produce more cell in order to grow Repair and replacement- allow the multicellular organism maintain its tissues, example skin cells and blood Asexual reproduction- clone

Somatic cells have 2 sets of chromosomes: contains a diploid number of chromosomes (2n).
1

set inherited from each parent

Human: have 23 pairs of chromosome.

2n

= 46

Homologous chromosomes

Cell Cycle

Cell grows

Cell cycle - The period that extends from the time a new cell is produced until the time the cell completes a cell division. Mitosis: nuclear division Cytokinesis: cytoplasmic division
The cell cycle is divided into two major phases:
1. 2.

Cell prepares to divide

Interphase Mitosis

Interphase
The period between division, divided into 3 sub phases (G1, S and G2):
i.G1-

cells grow rapidly and new organelle are synthesis ii.S - synthesis of DNA and chromosomes are replicated iii.G2 - cells prepare for mitosis, synthesis protein and mitotic spindle begin to form

Mitosis

Mitosis is a division of the nucleus to produce two new daughter cells containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. Mitosis is a continuous process and divided into 4 main phases based on the appearance and behavior of the chromosomes.
1. 2.

3. 4.

Prophase, P Metaphase, M Anaphase, A Telophase, T

Prophase
Early prophase Chromosome condense and appear shorter and thicker and become visible in a light microscope Each chromosome now consists of a pair of sister chromatids joined together at centromere. Nucleolus disappears & nuclear membrane disintegrates. Paired centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
Late prophase Nuclear membrane disappears Spindle form

Centrioles

Centromere

Metaphase

Spindle fibres are fully form Sister cromatids line up at the spindle equator/ metaphase plate. Two sister chromatids are still attached to one another at the centromere. At the end of metaphase, the centromers divide.

Anaphase

Anaphase begin with the separation of the centromers The sister cromatids are drawn to opposite poles of the cell by shortening of spindle fibres. Once separated, chromatids are referred to as daughter chromosome. End anaphase: the poles of the cell have complete and equivalent sets of chromosome.

Telophase

Telophase begin when the two sets of daughter chromosomes have reached the two poles of the cell. The spindle fibres disintegrate, the nuclear membrane forms around each set of daughter chromosomes and the nucleoli reappear. The nucleolus also re-forms in each nucleus. The chromosomes uncoil and become less visible under the light microscope. Mitosis process is now completed.

Cytokinesis
process of cytoplasmic division to form two daughter cells.

Different in animals and plants. Animal cells, the cytoplasm contracts to pull the plasma membrane inwards, forming groove called a cleavage furrow In plant cells, cytokinesis in cells is markedly different. A cleavage furrow does not form. Instead, membrane-enclosed vesicle gather at a plant cells equator between the two nuclei. Vesicle fuse to form a cell plate

The importance of controlled mitosis

Controlled mitosis: the ability of the cell to divide at its own rate and time. Crucial to normal growth, development and maintenance for the perpetuity of living things. Eg: in plants controlled mitosis occurs at shoots results in growth of plants. in human Malphigian layer of skin divides actively to replace dead and damaged cells.

The effects of uncontrolled mitosis in living things

Mutation is the change in the DNA structure of the cell. This change in the DNA corrupts the coded genetic instructions for mitosis control. This leads to uncontrolled mitosis, which is the non-stop division of cells, producing a mass of new daughter cells, called tumour.

Uncontrolled mitosis

BENIGN TUMOUR
Tumor cells that remain at original site. Can be removed surgically or killed by radiation, usually eliminating any further cancer development at that site.

MALIGNANT TUMOUR
Some tumor cells send out signals that tell the body to produce a new blood vessel at the tumor site. These cells not only have their own food and oxygen supply, they also have an avenue for escape to a new part of the body - through the new blood vessel and into bloodstream.

 Cells that break away from the tumor begin to spread to surrounding tissues (via the bloodstream or lymph) and start new tumors.

The person concerned is said to be suffering from CANCER

Usually surgery is performed to remove the tumor, followed by radiation and chemotherapy.

Causes of Cancer

Genetic- some forms of cancer like prostate, colon, breast, skin, ovary are suspected to be inherited from the parents Carcinogens- these are chemicals which affect genetic activity and cause cancer, e.g. of carcinogen a diesel exhaust, cigarette smoke, hair dyes, soot, arsenic, benzene and formaldehyde. Radiation- excess exposure to x-ray, gamma-rays and ultra violet rays lead to increase cancer risk. Viruses- some viruses (such as the HPV and HIV-1) cause cancer.

LEUKAEMIA
is caused by mutation (change in genetic information) The mutation causes the bone marrow to produce red blood cells and platelets at a rate that is much slower than normal Hence, a leukaemia patient suffers from insufficient oxygen, weakness and diificulty in blood clotting

INTESTINES CANCER

Application of Mitosis in Cloning

Mitosis is used to improve the quality, to produce new species and to ensure uniformity in the traits. Cloning: process of artificially creating a new individual that is genetically identical to an existing individual. Technique in application of mitosis in cloning tissue culture.

Application on mitosis in cloning

Plant tissue

Skin tissue