Guided by: Mr. N. V. A.

Ravi Kumar

Presented by:
N.PRADEEP(09HQ1A0232) N.KALYANI(09HQ1A0231) M.D.NOORULLAH(09HQ1A0230) S.SIVA PRASAD (09HQ1A0247) V.PRAVEEN KUMAR(10HQ5A0206)

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO SUBSTATION
LINE DIAGRAM OF 220/132/33kV SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT USED IN SUBSTATION

RELAYS
DIFFERENT PROTECTION SCHEMES EARTHING CONTROL & RELAY PANELS STORAGE BATTERY BANK CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
SUBSTATION: A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low or low to high. A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. In b/w the power plant and ultimate consumer a number of transmission and switching stations have to be created . This is done by substation.

BASIC ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

The requirement of land for construction of SubStation:

1.400 kV 2. 220 kV 3. 132 kV 20.0 Hectare 6.0 Hectare 3.5 Hectare

Generally, the relation between Voltage level and the power to be transmitted is as follows: 1) Up to 150 MVA 132 KV. 2) From 150 MVA to 300 MVA 220 K.V. 3) 300 MVA to 1000 MVA 400 K.V

Line diagram of 220/132/33kV sub sation

Incoming and out going lines of substation

There are totally 5 inputs and 10 outputs into and from the substation respectively. All the 5 inputs are the fed to 220kV bus bar and out of the 10

outputs two are from the 220kV bus bar and eight are from the 132kV bus bar.
The input and output details are as follows

Inputs to the 220kV bus bar: VSS-1 VSS-2 GAJUWAKA SUBSTATION UPPER SELERU DAIRY FARM

Outputs from the 220kV bus bar: GARVIDI-1 GARVIDI-2

Inputs to the 132kV bus bar:

Input is taken from the power transformer of the 220kV bay

Outputs from the 132kV bus bar:

SIMHACHALAM-1 SIMHACHALAM-2 KASIMKOTA-1 KASIMKOTA-2 ANANDAPURAM JINDAL GOLD STAR LVS

Equipment used in substation

Lightening arrestors

CVT Wave trap Isolator Current transformer Circuit breaker Bus bar Potential transformer Auto Transformer.

Lightening arrester
The

lightening arrestors do not let the lightening to fall on the station. If some lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to the earth.

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE T/F & WAVE TRAPER:

Wave trap A device used to exclude unwanted frequency components, such as noise or other interference, of a wave. CVT: This forms a carrier communication network throughout the transmission network. Measures voltage of line and leakage current.

ISOLATORS
Isolator is a device which acts like a switch. It separate the equipment from the main supply Isolators must be opened only after when the circuit breakear gets

opened

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the currents entering the substation. This transformer steps down the current from 800 amps to 1 amp. This is done because we have no instrument for measuring of such a large current. amps to 1 amp. The main use of this transformer (a) distance protection (b) backup protection (c) measurement

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

The circuit breakers are used to break the

circuit if any fault occurs in any of the instrument. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the station..
Here sf6 gas is used as a medium to

quench the arc produced during the opening of circuit breaker.

Sf6 is a high electronegative gas so it

absorbs the ions which are responsible for forming the arc and thus arc is quenched

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
The instrument potential transformer (PT) steps down voltage of a circuit to a low value that can be effectively and safely used for operation of instruments such as ammeters, voltmeters, watt meters, and relays used for various protective purposes. This transformer is to measure the voltage through the bus. The main use of potential transformer is (a)measurement (b) protection.

AUTO TRANSFORMER
A transformer has no internal moving parts, and it transfers energy from one circuit to another by electromagnetic induction without change in freqency.
t/f):

Transformers are typically used because a change in voltage is needed. A step-down transformer receives energy at a higher voltage and delivers it at a lower voltage for distribution to various loads

RELAYS
A relay is an electrically operated switch. A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the C.B. to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system.

RE LAY CHARACTERISTICS: SENSITIVITY SPEED SELECTIVITY RELIABILITY MEASUREMENT: MAGNITUDE MEASUREMENT RATIO MEASUREMENT PROTECT MEASUREMENT LOGIC MEASUREMENT

DIFFERENT PROTECTION SCHEMES: transformer protection BUCHHOLZ RELAY(makes alarm or trips during during fault conditions)

DIFFRENTIAL PROTECTION

TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION:

Distance relay:

.
TYPES OF DISTANCE RELAYS: Impedance relay

Reactance relay
Mho relay Modified impedance relay.

EARTHING

Earthing should be done in order to protect the equipments during high voltages. Earth is at zero potential so any amount of high voltages can be simply diffused into the earth
ADVANTAGE OF GOOD EARTHING: a. Good earth should have low resistance b. It should stabilize circuit potential with respect to ground and limit overall potential rise.

CONTROL & RELAY PANELS

These are used to control the operations of breakers, isolates, through protective relays installed on these panels various protection schemes for transformers, lines etc, are provided on these panels

STORAGE BATTERY BANK

The primary role of the substation battery system is to provide a source of energy that is independent of the primary ac supply, so that in the event of the loss of the primary supply the substation control systems that require energy to operate can still do so safely.

CONCLUSION
Electrical substation consists of Transformers, bus bars, circuit

breakers, isolators, relays, instrument transformer and other equipments.

The basic electrical quantities which are likely to change during the

abnormal conditions are current, voltage, phase angle and frequency. If a fault occurs in element of a power system an automatic protective devices are used to achieve un interrupted power supply in substation. WE HAVE STUDIED THE VARIOUS EQUIPMENT AT 220 kV/132 kV/33 kV PENDURTHI, SUB STATION AND VARIOUS PROTECTION SCHEMES EMPLOYED FOR THEM

QUIERIES????

THANK Q