The Application Of A Ct Based Disinfection Policy To Optimise Drinking Water Disinfection Costs

Subject Areas That Will Be Covered In This Presentation

Development of a Ct based drinking water disinfection policy

Software tools developed to support the policy

The principle of maintaining the desired Effective Ct regardless of the works flow

The control philosophy to make the maintenance of the desired Effective Ct automatic.
The significant potential Opex cost savings

Development of Ct Disinfection Policy

The Ct principle assumes that the Concentration (mg/l) multiplied by Time (min.) provides an indication of potential disinfection efficiency. Factors that can have a significant effect on that efficiency, for chlorine, are:

pH Plug Flow Efficiency

- Conc. of the Disinfectant - Actual Retention Time

Development of Ct Disinfection Policy

pH

HOCl is the principal free chlorine species disinfectant At pH 6.0 (15C) - HOCl - 97.73 % At pH 9.0 (15C) - HOCl - 4.13 %

Fluid Dynamics Of Vessels

Actual Retention Times (Q1) can be very different than the Theoretical Retention Times

Development of Ct Disinfection Policy

pH and Fluid Dynamics accommodated in new Drinking Water Disinfection Policy Modified Ct known as Effective Ct (ECt) Minimum ECt selected 20 mg.min/l at maximum flow

Minimum Effective Chlorine Conc. 0.3 mg/l

Giardia Inactivation Table developed from an extensive literature search

Development of Software Tools

Tailored Questionnaire/Calculation Form

Simplistic Fluid Dynamics Formula Derived

Checked by Expert in Fluid Dynamics Satisfactory for application

Spreadsheet

Simplistic Fluid Dynamics Formula built in HOCl Percentage Reference Module added Conversion factors required prior to entry of certain data

Development of Software Tools

Database developed that would:

Provide a user friendly GUI (graphical user interface) input screens Provide a full mathematics capability running in the background

Allow the direct input of the details of any type of process vessel or pipe/channel

Development of Software Tools

Database developed that would: (contd...)

Allow the results of tracer studies or CFD studies to be input and thus bypass the built in calculation. Produce summary sheets identical to those produced by the spreadsheet.

Hold records of all the benchmarking exercises that had been carried out previously.

Potential For Operational Cost Savings

ECt assessments normally carried out for maximum plant flows Works flows are rarely at maximum Thus ECt is frequently greater than assessed

Inverse relationship between flow and retention time

Direct relationship between flow and required chlorine residual

Potential For Operational Cost Savings

Assessment of potential savings:

a)
b) adequate

Benchmark the works at maximum flow

Decide if the ECt is adequate/more than

c) flow adjusting desired ECt d) plus 3 others

Re-benchmark the works at maximum the chlorine residuals to obtain the Benchmark the works at minimum flow

e) Graph the results to obtain the mathematical relationship between the flow and the required chlorine residual

Potential For Operational Cost Savings

Relationship Between Chlorine Residual (mg/l) And Rate Of Flow To Maintain An Effective Ct Of Approx.30 mg.min/l

0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00
30

0.9

Residual Chlorine - As Measured (mg/l)

0.78

0.67
0.56

0.45

The slope of the line is 0.45/30 = 0.015 Thus for every Mld reduction in flow, through the plant, the residual can be reduced by 0.015 mg/l

34

36

38

40

42

44

46

52

54

56

58

60

Rate Of Flow (Mld)

62

32

48

50

Potential For Operational Cost Savings

Flow Range (Mld) <30.0 30.1 - 33.0 33.1 - 37.0 37.1 - 40.0 40.1 - 43.0 43.1 - 47.0 47.1 - 50.0 50.1 - 53.0 53.1 - 57.0 57.1 - 60.0

Chlorine Residual (mg/l) 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90

Potential For Operational Cost Savings

Look up table useful only as a guide to demonstrate the principle
Requires fully automatic system

This can be achieved using:

a modified cascade control system a modified secondary dose control loop where Mn removal is being practiced

Potential For Operational Cost Savings

Schematic Diagram Of A Normal Cascade Control System

PID Multiplier PID

Cl2 Dose

Cl2 IT

Cl2 IT

Flow Meter

Chlorine Contact Tank

Potential For Operational Cost Savings

Schematic Diagram Of A Cascade Control System With Automatic ECt Control
Multiplier PID Multiplier PID

Cl2 Dose

Cl2 IT

Cl2 IT

Flow Meter

Chlorine Contact Tank

Potential For Operational Cost Savings

Schematic Diagram Of A Secondary Chlorine Dose Control System With Automatic ECt Control
Multiplier

Multiplier

PID

Cl2 Dose

Cl2 IT

Flow Meter

Chlorine Contact Tank

Potential For Operational Cost Savings

The situation for a works carrying out superchlorination is some what more complex The logic for every works needs to thought through carefully Criteria that need to be assessed include:

Any manganese removal requirements

Any distribution chlorine residual requirements

The Application Of A Ct Based Disinfection Policy To Optimise Drinking Water Disinfection Costs

Thank you for your attention and are there any questions ?