ECEG105 Optics for Engineers Course Notes Part 1: Introduction

Prof. Charles A. DiMarzio Northeastern University Fall 2007

July 2003+ Dec 2004
Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University

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Jan 2005 Jul 2007

Lecture 1 Overview
Administrivia
Course Layout Grading Syllabus

Introduction
Why Optics? A bit of history Our Approach
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Why Optics?
Absorption Spectrum of the Atmosphere

Index of Refraction

from Jackson

1nm

1m 1mm 1m

1km
1km 1m 1mm 1m1nm
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Absorption Spectrum of Liquid Water

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Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University

Earthlight

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A Bit of History
...and the foot of it of brass, of the lookingglasses of the women assembling, (Exodus 38:8)

Empirical Law of Refraction (Snell) Light as Pressure Wave (Descartes) Law of Least Time (Fermat) v<c, & Two Kinds of Light (Huygens)

Wave Theory (Longitudinal) (Fresnel) Transverse Wave, Polarization Interference (Young) Light & Magnetism (Faraday) EM Theory (Maxwell)
Rejectionof Ether, Early QM (Poincare, Einstein)

Rectilinear Propagation (Euclid)

Shortest Path (Almost Right!) (Hero of Alexandria) Plane of Incidence Curved Mirrors (Al Hazen)

Corpuscles, Ether (Newton)

-1000
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1000

1600

1700

1800

1900
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2000

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More Recent History

http://www.sff.net/people/Jeff.Hecht/chron.html http://members.aol.com/WSRNet/D1/hist.htm

Laser (Maiman) Erbium Fiber Amp

Hubble Telescope

Polaroid Sheets (Land)

Optical Fiber (Lamm)

Quantum Mechanics Speed/Light (Michaelson) Spont. Emission (Einstein)

Phase Contrast (Zernicke)

SM Fiber (Hicks)

HeNe (Javan)
GaAs (4 Groups)

Optical Maser (Schalow, Townes)

FEL (Madey)
Commercial Fiber Link (Chicago)

Holography (Gabor)

CO2 (Patel)
Many New Lasers

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990
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2000

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Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University

The First Laser?

?
Malibu, 1960

News Photo of the First Laser The First Laser

"Laser, inter eximia naturae dona numeratum plurimis compositionibus inseritur*" "The laser is numbered among the most miraculous gifts of nature and lends itself to a variety of applications." Pliny, Natural History XXII, 49

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Some Everyday Applications

Illumination Signaling Cameras; Film and Electronic Bar-Code Reader Surveying and Rangefinding Microscopy Astronomy
Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University

July 2003+

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My Research Interests
Biological and Medical Imaging
Multi-Modal Microscopy Acousto-Photonic Imaging (DOT and Ultrasound) Optical Quadrature Microscopy

Landmine Detection
Laser-Induced Acoustic Mine Detection Microwave-Enhanced Infrared Thermography

Environmental Sensing
Optical Magnetic Field Sensor Underwater Imaging with a Laser Line Scanner Hyperspectral Imaging Laboratory Experiments
July 2003+
Jul 2007 Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University

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Some Other Applications (1)

Communication
Lasers and Fast Modulation Fibers for Propagation Fast Detectors Dense Wavelength Diversity Multiplexing Free-Space Propagation (Not Much)

Optical Disk Memory

Lasers, Detectors Diffraction Limited Optics
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Some Other Applications (2)

Photo Lithography for Integrated Circuits
Short Wavelength Sources Diffraction Limited Optics

Adaptive Optical Imaging

Non-Linear Materials or Mechanical Actuators

Velocimetry and Vibrometry

Coherent Detection, Coherent Sources
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Some Other Applications (3)

Hyperspectral Imaging
Dispersive Elements Large Detector Arrays Fast Processing

Medical Treatment
Delivery Dosimetry
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Some Recent Advances

Laser Tweezers Optical Cooling Squeezed States Entangled-States Fiber-Based Sensors Optical Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems
Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University

July 2003+

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Some Everyday Concepts (1)

Specular and Diffuse Reflection Refraction and Transmission
Specular

Diffuse

Retro

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Example Interactions
Slab Transmission Slab Absorption and Scattering

Mostly Diffuse Reflection

Specular with some Diffuse Reflection

July 2003+ Dec 2004
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Some Everyday Concepts (2)

Imaging
Object Image Object Image

Wavefronts The Observer

July 2003+
Sep 2007

Rays The Observer

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Imaging

Near Card Demonstrates Camera is Focused Closer than Lens

July 2007 Jul 2003+
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High-School Optics

Image
Object F

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Stopped Here 4 Jan 05

Our Approach
Maxwells Equations Wave Equation Scalar Wave Equation Geometric Optics Polarization Interference Diffraction Radiometry

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stopped 12 Sep 03

Maxwells Equations

July 2003+
Jul 2007

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Maxwells Equations
Source-Free Region
No or J

Isotropic Medium
E Parallel to D

Harmonic Functions
No Nonlinear Effects
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Getting to the Wave Equation

D
Almost everything interesting is here

H
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Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University

B
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The Goodies are in Epsilon

D E D E

More on this later in the course.

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The General Problem

Goals
Solve Maxwells Equations Satisfy Boundary Conditions

Approaches
Special Cases (eg. Plane, Spherical, etc.) Approximations
Circuit Theory (>>D) Wave Theory ( D) Geometric Optics (<<D)
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Steps to Geometric Optics

Maxwells Equations Vector Wave Equation Scalar Wave Equation General Wave Solution Eikonel Equation (zero-wavelength approximation)
Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University

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Vector Wave Equation

D
2 1

E
4

H
July 2003+ Jan 2005
Sep 2007

B
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Scalar Wave Equation

D
2 1

E
Linear, Isotropic Medium 4

H
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Sep 2007

B
(Two States of Polarization)
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Eikonel Equation (1)

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Eikonel Equation (2)

2 0

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Eikonel Equation (3)

L(r)=Constant Defines Wavefronts
Thus, Wavefronts Are Perpendicular to Rays

Define Optical Path Length

Compare Travel Time to Light in Vacuum

L= ni

n1
July 2003+

n2

n3

n4

n5
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Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University

Plane Waves
Scalar Wave Equation

General Solution

Plane-Wave Solution

E=E 0 e
E=E 0 e

i nk r t

Plane-Wave in z Direction

i nkz t

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Optical Path Concept

Not to Be Confused with Image Location

Image Distance Physical Distance OPL

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Fermats Principle
Where Does Ray Go?
Minimize Optical Path

Imaging:
Many Minimal Paths

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Wave Parameters, Typical Units

E=E 0 e
Vacuum Wavelength
nm, m
i nkz t

=E 0 e

i 2 nz/ 2 t /T

Wavenumber in Vacuum
cm-1

Frequency Period fs

THz, PHz (seldom used)

f=
n

T= 1/ f

Angular Frequency

2 k= 2 = T

Index of Refraction

c= 3 10 m/s Speed of Light (in Vacuum) (in material) c/n Wavelength /n

July 2003+ Jan 2005

Typically 1<n<2 for Visible, but some over 2 and up to about 4 for IR. 8

= 2 f

c=f = / k
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Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University

E Z= = 300 H

Photons!
Poynting Vector

Irradiance
Power

S= E H 2 E I=S= W/m2 Z

Energy and Momentum

P= Id A
2

Photon Rate Photons

Energy

W= Pdt

P nt = h W n= h

How low can we go?

July 2003+ Dec 2004

Quantum of Energy

W1 =h =hc/
Fractional aJ
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Stopped Here Thu 6 Jan 05

Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University