BLOOD GROUP & BLOOD TYPES

DGN 111/2 MAS NOR SALONI BT IBRAHIM PPSK mnsaloni@kck.usm.my

OBJECTIVES
Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups Explain the important to match donor and recipient blood types before transfusion Describe the complications due to blood reaction

INTRODUCTION
If large quantities of blood are lost during surgery or in an accident, the patient can go into shock and die unless a transfusion or infusion is performed. Transfusion reactions include clumping of blood cells, rupture of blood cell and clotting within a blood vessels possibly occur Transfusion reaction occur due to interaction between antigens and antibodies.

HISTORY
Karl landsteiner
1868-1943

DEFINITION
Blood group or blood types is a description an individuals characteristics of red blood cells. Two most important classifications to describe blood group in humans are ABO and Rh factor Compatibility - capable of being mixed without undergoing destructive chemical change.

Cont..
Antigen Any substance ; coming in contact with appropriate cell, induce state of sensitivity and/or immune responsiveness in a latent period. Antibody Protein produced in response to an antigen. Y shape molecules consisting of four polypeptide chains.

Gambar alleles

Antibody

CHARACTERISTIC OF ABO BLOOD TYPES

Type A blood - red blood cell with antigen A on their surface and produce antibodies against antigen B in their blood serum Type B - red blood cell with antigen A on their surface and produce antibodies against antigen A in their blood serum Type AB -with both antigens A and B, not produce antibodies against either substance in their serum Type O , red blood cell with neither antigen, but produce antibodies against both types of antigens.

BLOOD GROUP

Frequency of blood types

Types 0+ 0A+ AB+ BAB+ ABFrequency Subpopulation Frequency Malaysia

38% 3% 34% 6% 9% 2% 3% 1%

62% 18% 20% 0%

BLOOD COMPATIBILITY
Blood group AB - can receive blood from any group, can donate blood only for AB ( Universal recipient) Blood group B - can received blood from B and O only and donate to AB or B. Blood group A - can received blood from A and O only and donate to AB or A. O blood - can receive blood only from O group, can donate blood to A, B, AB and O (universal donor)

Blood compatibility chart

Recipient AB+ ABA+ AB+ BO+ ODonor O- O+ B- B+ A- A+ AB- AB+ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

INHERITANCE
Blood group are inherited from both parents. ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene with 3 alleles ie ; i, A & B A & B agglutinogen appear during 6th month of fetal life. Agglutinin produce after birth---most IgM & IgG

Rh blood group
Rh factor or Rhesus factor Rh factor is an antigen present in red blood cell Many Rh antigens but the D more antigenic Rh positive-having antigen D Rh negative- without antigen D Often combine with ABO type

Cont..
Among Asian-85% Rh positive Rh positive can receive Rh negative blood without risk. If Rh negative expose to the Rh positive for the first time, anti D is formed.

INHERITANCE
Inherited on one locus with two alleles Rh + is dominant, Rh - is recessive The gene code for polypeptide on the red cell membrane

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
1.Blood transfusion -transfused own blood to minimize transfusion reaction -blood cross - matching to check for agglutination. ABO mismatched leads to: i. Jaundice ii. Cardiac shock iii. Renal shut down

CONT..
2.Hemolytic disease for newborn (HDN) -After 2nd pregnancy , antibodies develop against the Rh + red blood cell, hemolyses will occur Rh mismatched leads to: i. Erythroblastosis fetalis ii. Hydrops fetalis iii. Kernicterus

MISMATCHED TRANSFUSION

AGGGLUTINATION

BLOOD TYPING

CONCLUSION
ABO and Rh are important and major blood system. There are some other systems used to classified the blood group ie Lewis blood group, MNS blood group, Diego blood group etc. There are some complications due to blood incompatibility. Nurses play a major role to reduce or prevent the blood complications

Thank you!