CHM 116 Spring 2012

Todays Lecture
Section 3.4, 3.5, 4.1, 4.2, 4.4

Next Lecture
Read Sec. 16.1, 16.2, 16.3 In Silberberg

CHM 116 textbook: Chemistry, 6e by Martin Silberberg

Any of the covers below is the correct book

National edition

Fall 2011 Custom edition

Spring 2012 Custom edition

Lecture 2: Learning Objectives

Be able to convert between g and moles, for pure substances and substances in solution (molarity). (Review from 115). Understand the impact of a limiting reactant on yield Know the difference between theoretical and actual yield (% yield) Know how to determine empirical or molecular formulas from elemental analysis

STOICHIOMETRY
- the study of the quantitative aspects of chemical reactions.

General Plan for Stoichiometry Calculations

Mass reactant

g
Stoichiometric Factor(bridge) from equation

Mass product

Moles reactant

Moles product

Molarity reactant

M mol/L

Molarity product

Hydrocarbons as Fuel: Combustion Reactions

Combustion involves reaction with oxygen; hydrocarbons are converted to CO2 and H2O. Unbalanced equation:

C8H18 +

O2

CO2 +

H 2O

Balanced equation: 2 C8H18 (l) + 25 O2 (g) 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2O(l)

How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced from 1 mole of octane?

Calculating amounts of reactants and products PROBLEM: If 454 g of NH4NO3 decomposes, what mass in grams of H2O is formed? What is the theoretical yield of this product?

First: make sure you have a

balanced equation !
__NH4NO3 __N2O + __ H2O

PROBLEM: If 454 g of NH4NO3 decomposes, what mass in grams of H2O is formed? What is the theoretical yield of this product?
NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O
Mass reactant Mass product

Moles reactant

Moles product

1. Mass NH4NO3 to moles NH4NO3 2. Moles NH4NO3 to moles H2O 3. Moles H2O to mass H2O

PROBLEM: If 454 g of NH4NO3 decomposes, what mass in grams of H2O is formed? What is the theoretical yield of this product?
NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O 1. Mass NH4NO3 to moles NH4NO3 2. Moles NH4NO3 to moles H2O 3. Moles H2O to mass H2O

STEP 1
454 g * 1 mole/80.04 g =5.68 mole NH4NO3
molar mass (or molecular weight, units g/mol)

PROBLEM: If 454 g of NH4NO3 decomposes, what mass in grams of H2O is formed? What is the theoretical yield of this product?
1 NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O 1. Mass NH4NO3 to moles NH4NO3 2. Moles NH4NO3 to moles H2O 3. Moles H2O to mass H2O

STEP 2
5.68 mole NH4NO3

PROBLEM: If 454 g of NH4NO3 decomposes, what mass in grams of H2O is formed? What is the theoretical yield of this product?
NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O 1. Mass NH4NO3 to moles NH4NO3 2. Moles NH4NO3 to moles H2O 3. Moles H2O to mass H2O

STEP 3
11.4 mole H2O * 18.02 g/1 mole= 204 grams

Called the THEORETICAL YIELD

Limiting Reactants
In a given reaction, there may not be enough of one reagent to use up the other reagent completely. The reagent in short supply LIMITS the quantity of product that can be formed.

Limiting Reagents

Sample Problem 2 PROBLEM:

Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product in Reactions Involving a Limiting Reactant

A fuel mixture used in the early days of rocketry is composed of two liquids, hydrazine (N2H4) and dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4), which ignite on contact to form nitrogen gas and water vapor. How many grams of nitrogen gas form when 100 g of N2H4 and 200 g of N2O4 are mixed?
2 N2H4(l) + N2O4(l) 3 N2(g) + 4 H2O(l)

SOLUTION:

1. Start with a balanced chemical equation 2. Find the number of moles of one of the products that could be produced from each reactant if it reacted completely 3. The reactant that gives the smallest amount of product (in moles) is the limiting reactant 4. If requested, convert the smallest amount of product (in moles) to grams

Percent Yield
How to calculate the percent yield of a reaction

Sample Problem 3 PROBLEM:

Calculating Percent Yield

Silicon carbide (SiC) is an important ceramic material that is made by allowing sand(silicon dioxide, SiO2) to react with powdered carbon at high temperature. Carbon monoxide is also formed. When 100.0 kg of sand is processed, 51.4 kg of SiC is recovered. What is the percent yield of SiC from this process?

SOLUTION: 1. Write and balance equation 2. Calculate theoretical yield

3. Calculate % yield

1 ___SiO2(s) + 3(s)

___ 1 SiC(s) + __2_CO(g)

Introduction to Lab next week: Electrolytes & Nonelectrolytes (& Acid-Base Reactions)

Definition of Electrolyte: compound whose aqueous solution conducts electricity [all soluble ionic compounds and compounds that react with water to give ions (molecular acids and bases) are electrolytes]
NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) yes
Battery

HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Ethanol(l) CH3CH2OH ethanol(aq) Sucrose(s) sucrose(aq)

yes
no no

Strong and Weak Electrolytes Using acids and bases as examples

1) An acid is a substance that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+, in solution 2) An acid is a proton, H+, donor

HCl(g) + H2O H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Hydrochloric acid is a strong electrolyte (and a strong acid), it dissociates completely in H2O (~100% product at equilibrium)

CH3COOH(aq) + H2O H3O+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)

Acetic acid is a weak electrolyte (and a weak acid), it dissociates only slightly in H2O (<1% product at equilibrium) A base is a proton, H+, acceptor

NH3(aq) + H2O NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Ammonia is a weak electrolyte (and a weak base)