ACTUATORS

By, Ravichandran. K

DEFINITION:
The

actuation systems are the elements of the control system and they are responsible for transforming the output of a microprocessor into a controlling action on a machine or device. 1. Mechanical actuators. 2. Electrical actuators. 3. Hydraulic actuators. 4. Pneumatic actuators

MECHANICAL ACTUATORS:

Translational motion

FREEDOM AND CONSTRAINTS:

Orientation and arrangement of the element and parts.

TWO DEGREE OF FREEDOM:

KINEMATIC CHAIN:

CAMS:

QUICK RETURN MECHANISM:

It consists of a rotating crank, link AB, which rotates round a fixed centre, an oscillating lever CD, which is caused to oscillate about C by the sliding of the block at B along CD as AB rotates, and a link DE which causes E to move backwards and forwards. E might be the ram of a machine and have a cutting tool attached to it. The ram will be at the extremes of its movement when the positions of the crank are AB, and AB2. Thus as the crank moves anti-clockwise from B, to B2 the ram makes a complete stroke, the cutting stroke. When the crank continues its movement from B2 anticlockwise to B, then the ram again makes a complete stroke in the opposite direction, the return stroke. With the crank rotating at constant speed, then, because the angle of crank rotation required for the cutting stroke is greater than the angle for the return stroke, the cutting stroke takes more time than the return stroke.

GEARS:

Mechanism which are very widely used to transfer and transform rotational motion they are used in change of speed or torque of a rotational needed. a) bevel gears i) straight bevel ii) spiral bevel b) spur or crown gears c) helical gears d) worm gears

Straight and spiral bevel

The types of gears are, Spur gear

Helical gears

GEAR TRAINS:

Simple gear train: The systems which carry each shaft each gear wheels
Simple gear train

Compound gear train: When two wheels are mounted on single shaft
Compound gear train

ROTATIONAL TO TRANSLATION MOTION:

Rack and Pinion:

RATCHET AND PAWL:

Ratchets can be used to lock a mechanism when it is holding a load. It consists of a wheel called Ratchets with saw shaped teeth engage with arm called Pawl

BELT AND CHAIN DRIVES:

Belt drives are essentially just a pair of rolling cylinders, as described in Fig. with the motion of one cylinder being transferred to the other by a belt. Belt drives use the friction that develops between the pulleys attached to the shafts and the belt around the arc of contact in order to transmit a torque

TYPES OF BELT DRIVES:

Open belt drives Crossed belt drives

Open belt drives

Crossed belt drives

TYPES OF BELT:
Flat Round V Timing

Flat belt

Round belt

V - belt

CHAINS:
Slip can be prevented by the use of chains which lock into teeth on the rotating cylinders to give the equivalent of a pair of intermeshing gear wheels. A chain drive has the same relationship for gear ratio as a simple gear train. The drive mechanism used with a bicycle is an example of a chain drive. Chains enable a number of shafts to be driven by a single wheel and so give a multiple drive.

BEARINGS:
JOURNAL BEARINGS: Journal bearings are used to support rotating shafts which are loaded in a radial direction. The term journal is used for a shaft. The bearing basically consists of an insert of some suitable material which is fitted between the shaft and the support. Rotation of the shaft results in its surface sliding over that of the bearing surface.

BALL AND ROLLER BEARING:

With this type of bearing, the main load is transferred from the rotating shaft to its support by rolling contact rather than sliding contact. A rolling element bearing consists of four main elements: an inner race, an outer race, the rolling element of either balls or rollers, and a cage to keep the rolling elements a part

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