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Why are most car factories large? Why is Coca Cola able to spend huge sums every year on high profile advertising around the globe? What are the possible economies of scale available to the main international manufacturers of mobile phones?
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for Desire for Desire for Desire for Desire for market
economy large profits economic power and prestige increase of demand self defence in a competitive
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Economies of Scale
Economies
of scale are the cost advantages that an enterprise obtains due to expansion. It leads to reduction in unit costs as the scale of operations increases.
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LRAC Curve
As
quantity of production increases from Q to Q2, the average cost of each unit decreases from C to C1.
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Economies of scale tend to occur in industries with high capital costs in which those costs can be distributed across a large number of units of production (both in absolute terms, and, especially, relative to the size of the market). common example is a factory
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Types of Economies
Internal
Economies of Scale: They are specific to individual firm. Economies of Scale: Advantages that benefit the industry as a whole.
External
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economies of scale are a product of how efficient a firm is at producing; These are those economies of scale which a firm has direct control over.
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Economies Technical Economies Managerial Economies Marketing Economies Financial Economies Risk-spreading Economies
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Labour
Economies:
Increased division of labour Large firms attract more efficient labour as it can offer wide vertical mobility, promotion prospects Efficiency and increased productivity leads to lower cost per unit of output
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Technical
Economies:
Economies of superior technique Economies of increased dimension Economies of linked process Economies in power Economies of by-products Economies of continuation
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Managerial
Economies:
Marketing
Economies:
Economies of buying (of raw materials) and selling (finished goods) Effective use of advertising/ promotion
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Financial
Economies:
Greater reputation of large firms in the money market Big firms perceived as less risky by investors Big firms can easily raise capital by issuing shares and debentures
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Risk-Minimising
Economies:
By diversification of output By diversification of market By diversification of sources of supply as well as of process of manufacturing
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External Economies
These are economies made outside the firm as a result of its location, and occur when:
A local skilled labour force is available. Specialist, and local back-up firms can supply parts or services. An area has a good transportation network. An area has an excellent reputation for producing a particular good. For example, Saskatchewan is known for their wheat and grain production.
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of Localisation:
Mutual benefit enjoyed by firms due to local factors such as- skilled labour, better transport facilities, stimulation of improvement etc.. Easy arrangements for repair, maintenance and special services required by the industries.
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Economies
Economies
of Vertical Disintegration:
Subsidiary industries specializing in certain areas provide services to several big firms offering each of them internal economy of scale
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Economies
of By-products:
Large industry can make use of waste material for manufacturing by-products
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Assume each unit of capital = $5.00, Land = $8.00 and Labour = $4.00 Calculate TC and then AC for the two different scales (sizes) of production facility What happens and why?
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n n n
Doubling the scale of production (a rise of 100%) has led to an increase in output of 200% n therefore cost of production per unit has fallen Dont get confused between Total Cost and Average Cost Overall costs will rise but unit costs can fall Why?
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Cobb
Increase
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Diseconomies of Scale
Diseconomies
of scaleare the forces that cause largerfirmsand governments to producegoodsandservicesat increasedper-unit costs. The concept is the opposite ofeconomies of scale.
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Internal diseconomies
Managerial
inefficiency: As a firm grows and levels of hierarchy increase the efficiency and effectiveness of communication breaks down this leads to increasing inefficiency and therefore increasing average costs. Labour inefficiency: With larger firms, it is harder to satisfy and motivate workers. This means they do not give of their best, and again as the firm grows average output falls, and average costs increase
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External diseconomies
Breakdown of relationships with suppliers and buyers: When the firm is small, there is often a direct relationship between owner managers and customers or suppliers. As the firm grows, these relationships are hard to maintain as the owner manager finds his time is taken up with administration or problem solving. Competition for labour: More firms means increased demand for labour, making the best workers harder to recruit and keep. Increasing employment costs: More firms means increased demand pushing up the price of labour-wages Traffic congestion: The firm grows, suppliers move in, the area becomes an industrial centre, the roads are clogged with vehicles making deliveries late.
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Mathematical Interpretation
Optimum Point
Point
of inflection
Reversal
Not
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Economies of Scale One Point of Inflexion Single Large Firms Existence Refers to the negative derivative of the cost curve at outputs
Economies+Diseconomies 2 Points of Inflexion Large and small firms can coexist in the same industry Applies to the upward slope, where diseconomies of scale due to8/19/12 diminishing
Practical Implication
Raises & Answers the Questions
If size were a great advantage, the smaller companies would soon lose the unequal race and disappear. Why is not all production carried on by one big firm? Why/How do Large & Small Firms Co-exist? Why are large firms so small? What stops firms from effortlessly expanding into new businesses? No business organisation in the United States has more than one million employees1 or more than ten hierarchical levels Why R&D Is More Efficient in Small Companies ???
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Example-Apex Corporation Case (OB) H1Identification;Accountability,Productive Work; End Goals/Objectives; Reiterating hierarchies ,Products & Functions H5-Application of M-form organisation and pursuit of high internal asset Specificity
v
Hypotheses were tested against a sample of the 784 largest manufacturing firms in the United States in 1998
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Moderators
Two moderating factors tend to offset diseconomies of scale: organisation form and degree of integration. Both are central to transaction cost economics
ORGANIZATION FORM
The M-form allows most senior executives to focus on high level issues rather than day-to-day operational details, making the whole greater than the sum of its parts (p. 137). Thus, large firms organised according to the M-form should perform better than similar Uform firms. DEGREE OF INTEGRATION Uncertainty- Business-cycle volatility or rapid technological Shifts 8/19/12 Frequency of transactions
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