Micro OB 3

Personality

Points from last class

Q Which is the right way Ans there is no right way It all depends on the situation you face
It depends upon the strategy of the organisation how they want or visualize themselves in future

Definition
There is no agreement among scholars on the definition. Personality is a relatively stable set of characteristics that influences an individuals behaviour

Cont
Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. The study of personality focuses on two broad areas:
Understanding individual differences in particular personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability The other is understanding how the various parts of a person come together as a whole.
Taken from American Psychological Association

Cont
According to Carl Roger Personality is an organized, consistent pattern of perception of the I around which the individual interacts and has experiences. Fred Luthans how people affect others and how they understand and view themselves

Approaches to personality
Nomothetic explores the what of personality. They identify the personality traits and produce effective measurements of the traits in order to draw comparisons between individuals. Able to predict behavior is a major aim and outcome of this approach. Idiographic explores the why of personality. They are concerned with understanding the uniqueness of individuals and the development of the self concept. They regard personality development as a process which is open to change. Complimentary approaches Freud although come under idiographic but does not allow personality growth and change after childhood.

Nomothetic
Trait theory They broke down individuals behavioral patterns into a series of observable traits Combining these traits into a group forms an individuals personality There were 1800 traits R. B. Cattell - He extracted 171 out of the 1800 and finally 16 traits were finalized

S. N. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Primary Factor Warmth Reasoning Emotional stability Dominance Liveliness Rule-consciousness

Low Range Reserved, detached Less intelligent Reactive, Emotionally unstable Humble, Accommodating Sober, Silent, Serious Expedient, Non-conforming, Disregards rule Timid, Shy, Hesitant Tough minded, No-Nonsense, Rough Trusting, Accepting Practical, prosaic, grounded Forthright, open Self assured, complacent, confident Traditional, Conservative Group dependent, group-oriented Casual, flexible, uncontrolled Relaxed, placid, tranquil

High Range Outgoing, likes people More intelligent, abstract thinking Emotionally stable, Mature Assertive, Stubborn Lively, cheerful, Happy-go-lucky Rule-Conscious, conforming

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Social boldness Sensitivity Vigilance Abstractedness Privateness Apprehension Openness to change Self-reliance Perfectionism Tension

Venturesome, Socially bold Sensitive, Aesthetic, Sentimental Suspicious, Skeptical Imaginative, absorbed in ideas Non-disclosing, Shrewd Apprehensive, self-doubting Experimental, liberal, free-thinking Self-sufficient, solitary, individualistic Controlled, organized, selfdisciplined Tense, high energy, impatient, time

Big Five
Psychologists further reduced the number of traits and brought it down to 5 core personality traits:
1. Extraversion gregarious, assertive and sociable (opposed to reserves, timid and quite) 2. Agreeableness cooperative, warm, agreeable (opposed to cold disagreeable and antagonistic) 3. Consciousness hardworking, organized and dependable (opposed to lazy, disorganized, unreliable) 4. Emotional stability calm, self-confident and cool (opposed to insecure, anxious and depressed) 5. Openness to experience creative, curious and cultured (opposed to practical with narrow interest)

Reason for specific traits

Heredity gene plays a role in whatever personality type a person has Self-esteem personality viewed from within
High self esteem people can handle failure better (Mixed results) If not nurtured properly can be antisocial and destructive

Person-situation interaction Socialization process

ORGB

Idiographic
Emphasis individuals view of themselves their self concept Roggers theory - entire theory is built on a single force of life he calls the actualizing tendency. He believes that all creatures strive to make the very best of their existence.
Organisms know what is good for them evolution has provided us with the sense, the taste and the discriminations we need called Organismic Valuing

Cont
Organisms know what is good for them. Evolution has provided us with the senses, the tastes, the discriminations we need organismic valuing positive regard, umbrella term for things like love, affection, attention, nurturance, and so on

Cont
Another thing that we value is positive self-regard, that is, self-esteem, self-worth, a positive selfimage. We achieve this by experiencing the positive regard others show us over our years of growing up. Without this, we feel small and helpless, and again we fail to become all that we can be Our society also leads us astray with conditions of worth. Society creates conditions of worth We get love and affection if and only if we perform the way they want - conditional positive regard Leading us to Ideal self not Real self

Cont
Result is Incongruity
This gap between the real self and the ideal self, the I am and the I should is called incongruity. The greater the gap, the more incongruity. The more incongruity, the more suffering. In fact, incongruity is essentially what Rogers means by neurosis: Being out of synch with your own self.

Cont
Defenses
You feel incongruity as threatening situation Which leads to anxiety Result denial (denying facts), perceptual disorder (reinterpreting situation so as to feel good), psychosis - when peoples defenses are overwhelmed, and their senses of self is shattered into disconnect pieces, his behaviour has little consistency

Complementary Theories
Sigmund Freud Id, ego (takes reality into count) and Super ego (conscience, develops through punishment and ego ideal, develops through reward) Ego satisfies the need of id at the same time does not weakens the super ego. Personality is outcome of the part which becomes strong

MBTI
Carl Jungs description of personality
Psyche ego, personal unconscious and collective unconscious Archetypes (contents of collective unconscious) animus/ anima, the shadow and the self (equalizer). Principle of opposite or equivalence - every wish immediately suggests its opposite Principle of equivalence the energy created from the opposition is given to both sides equally

Functions sensing, thinking, intuiting, feeling (we have all in different proportion superior, secondary, tertiary, inferior) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) inventory was developed by Katharine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers Most managers are of ESTJ type

MBTI Indicators
Where do you get your energy from
Extraversion (E)
Outgoing Interacting Speaks, then thinks Gregarious

Introversion (I)
Quiet Concentrating (get energy from time alone) Thinks, then speaks Reflective

How do you orient yourself to the outside world Judging (J)

Structured, organized, planned Time oriented Decisive Organized

Perceiving (P)
Flexible, spontaneous Open ended, likes to keep options open Exploring Spontaneous

What do you pay attention to and collect information on Sensing (S)

Practical (getting information through five senses) Details Concrete Specific

Intuiting (N)
Pays attention to sixth sense Possibilities Theoretical Abstract

How do you evaluate and make decisions Thinking (T)

Analytical (logical) Head Rules Justice

Feeling (F)
Subjective (makes decisions through personal, value oriented way) Heart Circumstance Mercy

MBTI Scales
ISTJ
Introverts

ISFJ

INFJ

INTJ

ISTP
ESTP
Extraverts

ISFP
ESFP ESFJ

INFP
ENFP ENFJ

INTP
ENTP ENTJ

ESTJ

Sensing Types

Intuitive Types

Cont
Alfred Adler striving for perfection and later he used striving for superiority (crops up from sense of inferiority) Everyone has a sense of inferiority, this is overcome by accomplishment Excessive feeling of inferiority can also have the opposite effect. Without the needed success, one can develop an inferiority complex
Pampering and neglect

Personality characteristics in organisations

Core self evaluation broad set of personality traits that refers to self concept. It comprised of locus of control, selfesteem, generalised self-efficacy, and emotional stability Locus of control (internal they control what happens to them vs external circumstances and other people control their fate) Self efficacy persons overall view of himself as being able to perform effectively in a wide variety of situations. Self esteem a general feeling of self-worth Self monitoring high self monitor pay attention to what is appropriate in particular situations and to the behaviour of others

Cont
Positive/ Negative affect
individuals who focus on the positive aspects of themselves, other people, and the world in general are said to have positive affect. While those who accentuate the negative in themselves, other, and the world are said to possess negative affect Individuals with positive affect are more satisfied with their jobs, they are fewer absentee days, better performance etc

The term "affect" can be taken to indicate an instinctual reaction to stimulation occurring before the typical cognitive processes occur

Locus of Control
1. a. Becoming a success is a matter of hard work; luck has little or nothing to do with it. b. Getting a good job depends mainly on being in the right place at the right time. 2. a. The average citizen can have an influence in government decisions. b. This world is run by the few people in power, and there is not much the little guy can do about it.

Cont
3. a. As far as world affairs are concerned, most of us are the victims of forces we can neither understand nor control. b. By taking an active part in political and social affairs, people can control world events. 4. a. With enough effort we can wipe out political corruption. b. It is difficult for people to have much control over the things politicians do in office.

Scoring Key
The internal locus of control answers are: 1a, 2a, 3b, 4a The external locus of control answers are: 1b, 2b, 3a, 4b

Understanding Self Johari Window

Used for improving personal effectiveness
Known to self
Known to others Arena (public self)

Not known to self

Blind

Not known to others

Closed

Dark

Developed by Lutf and Ingham

Cont
Those aspects of a persons behavior that are known to him or her (self) and those aspects of behavior that are known to those with whom he or she interacts A combination of these two dimensions reveals four areas of knowledge about the self Can improve by self- disclosure and feedback

Cont
In most cases, the aim in groups should be to develop the Open Area for every person. Working in this area with others usually allows for enhanced individual and team effectiveness and productivity. The Open Area is the space where good communications and cooperation occur, free from confusion, conflict and misunderstanding. Self-disclosure is the process by which people expand the Open Area vertically. Feedback is the process by which people expand this area horizontally. By encouraging healthy self-disclosure and sensitive feedback, you can build a stronger and more effective team.