CH11 Thyristors

Chapter 11 Thyristors And Other Devices
Describe the basic structure and operation of the Shockley diode
Objectives
Describe the basic structure and operation of a silicon controlled rectifier and applications of an SCR
Describe the basic operation of the SCS
Describe the basic operation of diacs and triacs
Objectives
Describe the basic operation of UJTs and PUTs Describe the basic operation of a phototransistor Describe the basic operation of a Light Activated SCR Describe the various types of optical couplers Describe the basic operation of the insulated-gate bipolar transistor.
Discuss fiber optic basics

Describe the various types of optical couplers
Introduction
The devices covered in this chapter are mainly used in industrial applications where power control and switching are needed.
The Basic Four Layer Device

The 4-layer diode is constructed of four alternating layers of p and n materials forming two pn junctions.
Figure 112
A 4-layer diode equivalent circuit.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Figure 113
Currents in a 4-layer diode equivalent circuit.
The Basic Four Layer Device

It will not conduct when reversebiased and will not conduct when forward-biased until the forward breakover voltage is reached. It will continue to conduct as long as the holding current is maintained. The region prior to breakover is called the forward blocking region.
Figure 115
Figure 116
A 4-layer diode relaxation oscillator.
The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier

The silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) is a four layer device with three terminals anode, cathode, and gate.
Figure 118
SCR equivalent circuit.
Figure 119
The SCR turn-on process with the switch equivalents shown.
Figure 1110
SCR characteristic curves.
Figure 1111
SCR turn-off by anode current interruption.
Figure 1112
SCR turn-off by forced commutation.

The SCR operates like the 4-layer diode when there is no gate current. It will turn on when the breakover voltage is reached. However, the value of an SCR is that it can be triggered on by applying a pulse to the gate. As long as the holding current is sustained it will continue to conduct. In this circuit SW1 is pressed momentarily to turn the SCR on and SW2 is pressed momentarily to turn it off.
Figure 1114
Figure 1115
Half-wave, variable-resistance, phase-control circuit.

The SCR can be used to control power to a load (RL) to a circuit by way of phase control but bear in mind that it can only control part of half the signal since it will not conduct in reverse bias.
Figure 1117
Figure 1118
Figure 1119
Automatic back-up lighting circuit.
Figure 1120
A basic SCR over-voltage protection circuit (shown in blue).
The Diac and Triac

The diac and triac unlike the SCR will conduct in both directions making it ideal for ac applications. The diac turns on when the breakover voltage is reached in either direction.
Figure 1123
Diac equivalent circuit and bias conditions.
The Diac and Triac

The triac is basically a diac with a gate terminal. The triac can be turned by a pulse at the gate.
Figure 1125
Triac characteristic curves.
Figure 1126
Bilateral operation of a triac.
The Diac and Triac

In this basic triac phase control circuit R1 controls the trigger point at which the triac turns on for each half of the cycle. The off time is called the delay angle and the on time is called the conduction angle.
Figure 1129
Triac turn-off interval.
The Silicon-Controlled Switch The SCS is similar to the(SCS) SCR in construction with the
exception that the SCS has two gates. It can be turned of by either terminal.
Figure 1131
SCS operation.
Figure 1132
The transistor switch in both series and shunt configurations reduces IA below IH and turns off the SCS.
The Unijunction Transistor (UJT)

The UJT has one pn junction and is used mainly as a triggering device in thyristor circuits and can also be used in oscillator circuits. The symbol is similar to a JFET. Note the angle of the emitter. The other terminals are called base 1 and base 2. The characteristics are quite different than any other transistor.
The Unijunction Transistor (UJT)

The resistive equivalent circuit of a UJT shown makes it easier to understand its operation. The emitter current controls the value of rB1 inversely. The total resistance or interbase resistance (rBB) equals the sum of rB1 and rB2. The standoff ratio () is the ratio rB1/ rBB.
Figure 1135
UJT characteristic curve for a fixed value of VBB.
Figure 1136
Relaxation oscillator.
Figure 1137
Waveforms for UJT relaxation oscillator.
Figure 1138
The Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT)

Although it has the same name as a UJT the programmable unijunction transistors structure is not the same. It is actually more similar to an SCR. The anode to gate voltage is used to turn it off and on.
The Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT)

The PUT can be programmed to turn on at a certain voltage by an external voltage divider. This yields a curve similar to a UJT therefore it can used in oscillator circuits like the UJT.
Figure 1141
PUT relaxation oscillator.
The Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor

The IGBT combines the features of both the FET and BJT. It is used primarily for high voltage switching and high current applications.
Figure 1143
Simplified equivalent circuit for an IGBT.
Figure 1144
Parasitic elements of an IGBT that can cause latch-up.
The Phototransistor
The phototransistor is a BJT with the light sensitive collector base junction exposed to light through a window. Light intensity controls the collector current. With no light present, the transistor is off with exception to the small amount of leakage current. This is called dark current.
There are many applications for this device, one of which is light activated switching. It comes with or without the base connection. If it has the base connection then it can be used as a normal transistor as well. The curve illustrates collector current with different light intensities.
The Phototransistor
Figure 1148
Typical phototransistor spectral response.
Figure 1149
Photodarlington.
Figure 1150
Light-operated relay circuit.
Figure 1151
Darkness-operated relay circuit.
Figure 1152
Light-interruption alarm.
Figure 1153
LASCRs.
The Light-Activated SCR (LASCR)

The LASCR is basically an SCR that is triggered on by light. Most have the gate as well so they can be conventionally triggered as well.
Figure 1154
A LASCR circuit.
Optical Couplers
Optical couplers provide isolation between the input and output circuit to provide protection high-voltage transients, surges, and noise that could cause problems. This basic optical coupling device shows an LED and a phototransistor. Fiber optic lines can provide a path for light to travel between the devices.
Figure 1155
Optical couplers using phototransistors.
Figure 1156
Common types of optical-coupling devices.
Fiber Optics
Fiber optic technology is now being used for the transmission of signals. Electrical signals are converted to light signals that are piped through glass fiber. Once the signal reaches its destination it is then converted back to an electrical signal. Fiber optic cable provides a low-loss means of signal transmission.
Figure 1157
Simplified structure and operation of a fiber-optic cable.
Figure 1158
Critical angle in a fiber-optic cable.
Figure 1159
Multimode step index fiber-optic cable.
Figure 1160
Single-mode step index fiber-optic cable.
Figure 1161
Multimode graded index fiber-optic cable.
Summary
Thyristors are 4-layer semiconductor devices. 4-layer diodes, SCRs, diacs, triacs, SCSs, and PUTs are all thyristor devices. A 4-layer diode conducts once the breakover voltage is reached.
The SCR conducts with a pulse at the gate and is turned off when the current drops below the holding current value.
The SCS can be turned on with a pulse at the cathode gate and off with a pulse at the anode gate. The diac can conduct either way and is turned on when breakover voltage is reached.
The triac conducts either direction and can turned on by a pulse at the gate. The intrinsic standoff ratio of a UJT determines the trigger voltage in which it turns on. The PUT can be set to trigger at different voltages. The phototransistor controls current by the light intensity on the exposed base-collector junction. Light triggers the LASCR.
Summary
Optical coupler devices provide an excellent means of isolation between a source and output. Fiber optic lines can provide a light path between source and output devices.
Figure 1163
Diagram of the conveyor speed-control system.
Figure 1164
Motor speed-control circuit board.
Figure 1165
Test bench setup for the motor speed-control circuit board.
Figure 1166
Test results for four faulty circuit boards.
Figure 1167
Figure 1168
Figure 1169 Multisim file circuits are identified with a CD logo and are in the Problems folder on your CD-ROM. Filenames correspond to figure numbers (e.g., F1169).
Figure 1170
Figure 1171
Figure 1172
Figure 1173
Figure 1174
Figure 1175
Figure 1176
Figure 1177
Figure 1178
Figure 1179
Figure 1180

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Chapter 11 Thyristors And Other Devices

Describe the basic structure and operation of the Shockley diode

Describe the basic operation of diacs and triacs

Discuss fiber optic basics

The Basic Four Layer Device

A 4-layer diode equivalent circuit.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Currents in a 4-layer diode equivalent circuit.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The Basic Four Layer Device

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

A 4-layer diode relaxation oscillator.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier

SCR equivalent circuit.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The SCR turn-on process with the switch equivalents shown.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

SCR characteristic curves.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

SCR turn-off by anode current interruption.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

SCR turn-off by forced commutation.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Half-wave, variable-resistance, phase-control circuit.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Automatic back-up lighting circuit.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

A basic SCR over-voltage protection circuit (shown in blue).

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The Diac and Triac

Diac equivalent circuit and bias conditions.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The Diac and Triac

Triac characteristic curves.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Bilateral operation of a triac.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The Diac and Triac

Triac turn-off interval.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The Unijunction Transistor (UJT)

The Unijunction Transistor (UJT)

UJT characteristic curve for a fixed value of VBB.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Waveforms for UJT relaxation oscillator.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT)

The Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT)

PUT relaxation oscillator.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor

Simplified equivalent circuit for an IGBT.