CH 18 Regulators

Chapter 18 Voltage Regulators
Objectives
Describe the basic concept of voltage regulation Discuss the principles of series, shunt, and switching voltage regulation Discuss IC voltage regulators and some of their applications
Introduction
The purpose of voltage regulation is to maintain a precise voltage output from a power supply despite load and input voltage variations. There are basically two categories: linear and switching. As with many systems, discrete device circuits are being replaced with integrated circuits. We will discuss a few of the IC type regulators.
Line regulation is the maintenance of a specific output voltage despite changes in input voltage. How well a regulator performs line regulation can be determined by the formula below. Line Regulation = (VOUT/VIN)100%
Voltage Regulation
Load regulation is the maintenance of a precise output voltage despite changes in load resistance. How well a regulator performs load regulation can be determined by the formula below. Load Regulation = (VNL - VFL) /VFL100%
Voltage Regulation
Figure 183
Thevenin equivalent circuit for a power supply with a load resistor.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Basic Series Regulators

With series regulation the control element is in series with the input and output.

The zener diode sets the reference voltage for the noninverting input of the op-amp. Any changes in the output are fed back to the inverting input of the op-amp. The difference voltage output of the op-amp biases the transistor to correct the output voltage for the overall circuit. The output of this regulator can be determined by the formula below.
VOUT (1 + R2/R3)VREF
Figure 186
Illustration of series regulator action that keeps VOUT constant when VIN or RL changes.
Figure 187

Overload protection for a series regulator protects the control element in the case of a short or an unusually heavy load (low RL). Q2 is biased by the voltage drop across R4. When load current exceeds the predetermined level Q2 diverts current from the base of Q1 causing Q1 to conduct less. The load current maximum can be determined by the formula below.
IL(max) = .7V/R4
Figure 189

Fold-back current limiting allows operation up to peak load current. With a shorted output the current is dropped to a lower value (folded back). VR5 + VBE must be overcome before Q2 conducts to limit current.
Figure 1811
Fold-back current limiting (output voltage versus load current).
Basic Shunt Regulators

In shunt regulation the control element is in parallel with the load.
Figure 1813
Basic op-amp shunt regulator with load resistor.
Figure 1814 Sequence of responses when VOUT tries to decrease as a result of a decrease in RL or VIN (opposite responses for an attempted increase).
Figure 1815
Basic Switching Regulators

The switching regulator is more efficient than the linear series or shunt type. This type regulator is ideal for high current applications since less power is dissipated. Voltage regulation in a switching regulator is achieved by the on and off action limiting the amount of current flow based on the varying line and load conditions. With switching regulators 90% efficiencies can be achieved.

With the step-down (output is less than the input) configuration the control element Q1 is pulsed on and off at variable rate based on the load current. The pulsations are filtered out by the LC filter.
Figure 1816
Basic step-down switching regulator.
Figure 1817 Switching regulator waveforms. The VC waveform is shown for no inductive filtering to illustrate the charge and discharge action (ripple). L and C smooth VC to a nearly constant level, as indicated by the dashed line for VOUT.
Figure 1818
Basic regulating action of a step-down switching regulator.

The step-up configuration works much the same as the stepdown. The difference is in the placement of the inductor and the fact that Q1 is shunt configured. During the time when Q1 is off the VL adds to VC stepping the voltage up by some amount.
Figure 1820
Basic action of a step-up regulator when Q1 is on.
Figure 1821
Basic switching action of a step-up regulator when Q1 turns off.

With the voltage-inverter configuration the output voltage output is of opposite polarity of the input. This is achieved by VL forward-biasing reverse-biased diode during the off times producing current and charging the capacitor for voltage production during the off times. With switching regulators 90% efficiencies can be achieved.
Figure 1822
Basic inverting switching regulator.
Figure 1823
Basic inverting action of an inverting switching regulator.
Figure 1824
Basic regulating action of an inverting switching regulator.
IC Regulators
Regulation circuits in integrated circuit form are widely used. Their operation is no different but they are treated as a single device with associated components. These are generally three terminal devices that provide a positive or negative output. Some types are have variable voltage outputs.
A typical 7800 series voltage regulator is used for positive voltages. The 7900 series are negative voltage regulators. These voltage regulators when used with heatsinks can safely produce current values of 1A and greater. The capacitors act as line filtration.
IC Regulators
Figure 1825
The 78XX series three-terminal fixed positive voltage regulators.
Figure 1826
The 79XX series three-terminal fixed negative voltage regulators.
IC Regulators
Adjustable IC regulators are available with either positive or negative output. They can be set to produce a specific voltage by way of an external reference voltage divider network. Switching regulators are also available in IC form.
Figure 1828
Operation of the LM317 adjustable voltage regulator.
Figure 1829
Figure 1830
The LM337 three-terminal adjustable negative voltage regulator.
Figure 1831
The 78S40 switching regulator.
To increase the current capability of an IC regulator an external pass transistor can be used.
IC Regulators
Figure 1833
Operation of the regulator with an external pass transistor.
A current limiting circuit similar to the one discussed earlier can be used to protect the external pass transistor.
IC Regulators
Figure 1835
The current-limiting action of the regulator circuit.
Figure 1836
The three-terminal regulator as a current source.
Figure 1837
A constant-current source of 1 A.
Figure 1838
The step-down configuration of the 78S40 switching regulator.
Figure 1839
The step-up configuration of the 78S40 switching regulator.
Summary
Voltage regulators keep a constant dc output despite input voltage or load changes. The two basic categories of voltage regulators are linear and switching. The two types of linear voltage regulators are series and shunt. The three types of switching are step-up, step-down, and inverting.
Switching regulators are more efficient than linear making them ideal for low voltage high current applications.
Summary
IC regulators are available with fixed positive or negative output voltages or variable negative or positive output voltages. Both linear and switching type regulators are available in IC form.
Current capacity of a voltage regulator can be increased with an external pass transistor.
Figure 1840
Block diagram of the dual-polarity power supply.
Figure 1841
The dual-polarity power supply circuit board.
Figure 1842
The dual-polarity power supply schematic.
Figure 1843
Results of tests on four faulty power supply boards.
Figure 1844
Figure 1845 Multisim file circuits are identified with a CD logo and are in the Problems folder on your CD-ROM. Filenames correspond to figure numbers (e.g., F1845).
Basic Shunt Regulators

The shunt regulator is similar in design to the series. With attempted changes in output voltage, Q1 is biased to conduct more or less. This dynamic collector-emitter resistance and R1 act as a voltage divider network that maintains a specific voltage across the load. R1 limits current in the case of a short.
Figure 1846
Figure 1847
Figure 1848
Figure 1849
Figure 1850
Figure 1851
Figure 1852
Figure 1853

CH 18 Regulators

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Chapter 18 Voltage Regulators

Thevenin equivalent circuit for a power supply with a load resistor.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Basic Series Regulators

Basic Series Regulators

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Basic Series Regulators

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Basic Series Regulators

Fold-back current limiting (output voltage versus load current).

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Basic Shunt Regulators

Basic op-amp shunt regulator with load resistor.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Basic Switching Regulators

Basic Switching Regulators

Basic step-down switching regulator.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Basic regulating action of a step-down switching regulator.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Basic Switching Regulators

Basic action of a step-up regulator when Q1 is on.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Basic switching action of a step-up regulator when Q1 turns off.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Basic Switching Regulators

Basic inverting switching regulator.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Basic inverting action of an inverting switching regulator.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Basic regulating action of an inverting switching regulator.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The 78XX series three-terminal fixed positive voltage regulators.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The 79XX series three-terminal fixed negative voltage regulators.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Operation of the LM317 adjustable voltage regulator.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The LM337 three-terminal adjustable negative voltage regulator.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The 78S40 switching regulator.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Operation of the regulator with an external pass transistor.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The current-limiting action of the regulator circuit.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The three-terminal regulator as a current source.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The step-down configuration of the 78S40 switching regulator.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The step-up configuration of the 78S40 switching regulator.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

Block diagram of the dual-polarity power supply.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e

The dual-polarity power supply circuit board.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 7e