Introduction

Fracture behaviour of concrete post cracking

behaviour Tension softening diagram

Knowledge of Stress displacement (w) in
post peak regime - determining fracture energy

2 and 3 dimensional micromechanical models
proposed link b`n microstructure of concrete
and its tension softening response

(w) relation
Direct determination of (w) relation
Indirect determination of (w) relation

Direct determination of (w) relation
Appropriate method Displacement
controlled uniaxial tension test
Eccentricity should be avoided Reliable
information Tension softening response


(w) relation- uniaxial test on panels
Stevin lab.-Closed loop servo hydraulic loading machine- double edge
notched specimen-LVDT
Envelope curves compared with static curves and both are found to be
coincident
(w) determination- detect elastic and prepeak inelastic deformation from
Wt line from prepeak stress parallel to the initial loading curve
Net inelastic deformation in post peak regime



f(w/wc)=[ 1+ C
1
(w/w
c
)
3
] e-
(C
2
w/wc )
f
t
`
-Tensile strength
w-Crack opening,
w
c
-Max.crack opening at end of softening diagram
( ) ( ) 1 / / ` / f w w w w f f
c c t
o
(w) relation- uniaxial test on tapered specimens
Wecharatana(1990)- specimen dog bone with edge notches

Stress displacement law

(/ft`)
m
+(w/wc)
2m
= 1

Exponent m indirect measure of intrinsic brittleness of concrete-
reflects slope of post peak curve

Smaller m-steeper the initial drop and more brittle the material

Indirect determination of (w) relation
Roelfstra and Wittmann(1986)
Proposed method - (w) relation-Bilinear
approximation
Load deformation response of CT specimens
reproduced in numerical simulation based FCM
f
1
/f
t
`=1/6 -1/3

Gustafsson & Hillerborg(1985)
Bilinear approximation
Coordinates f
1
=f
t
`/3
w
1
=0.8 G
f
/f
t
`
w
c
=3.6 G
f
/f
t
`

G
f
is determined by RILEM test method
Indirect determination of (w) relation
CEB FIP code (1993)-bilinear approx.
f
1
= 0.15 f
t
`
W
c
function of max. aggregate size
/ft` = 0.15(1- w/w
1
) 0 0.15 ft`
/ft` = 1-0.85 w/w
1
0.15 ft` ft`
w
1
= (G
f
-22w
c
(G
f
/
f
)
0.95
)/150(G
f
/
f
)
0.95

f
empirical coefficient depends on max.aggregate size

Bilinear (w) Matching of cracking opening profiles
Crack opening profile by interferometry techniques matched with
numerical procedure based on FCM
Parameters assumed were optimized to achieve best fit
G
f
and f
t
` were determined from RILEM method and uniaxial
tension test


Indirect determination of (w) relation
(w) relation from J integral
(w) depends on microstructure of mix and not on size and geometry of the test
specimen
J=

Differentiating
dJ / dw = (w)
(w) relation is gradient of J(w)
Li et al.(1987) proposed a method for determining J(w)
1. Load load point displacement (p-) and load CMOD (p-w) plots are recorded
for notched specimens of any geometry

2. The p- and p-w curves averaged load is eliminated -diff. in potential energy
is only because of diff. in notch sizes and is equal to shaded area

3. The shaded area is J- integral ,as post peak behavior is assumed to be
independent of size and geometry

4. Elimination of from w() and J() curves gives J(w) relation from
which (w) can be constructed



In order to quantify ,it is necessary to describe the tension softening
behaviour using Micromechanical modelling techniques
Several 2 and 3 dimensional tension softening models have
been proposed
1. 2 dimensional model of Karihaloo et al. (1991)
2. 3 dimensional model of Karihaloo & Huang (1992)
2 dimensional model Karihaloo et al (1991)
Tension softening response of quasi brittle materials have
large w
c
at rupture

Reasons for pronounced tail:
Presence of pores
Fragmented microflaw doesn't lie in one plane

This model is appropriate for light weight and aerated concrete

At the beginning of tensioning softening discontinuous
macroflaw in model is assumed to consist of cracks of length
2a
0
interspersed by circular pores of diameter 2 r
0

2 dimensional model Karikaloo et al (1987)
Numerical results for stress intensity factor K
I
at each crack tip in infinite
row and for COD for each macroflaw segment have been fitted by
polynomial approximation.

f(, )=(1+
r

s
C
rs

s
)[tan

( /2)/( /2)]
1/2

= r/a+r
= 2(a+r)/d

Polynomial approximation differs from the numerical values by less than
0.7%
Crack growth criterion in the tension softening regime K
I
=K
Ic
m

/ f
t
`= {(a
0
+r
0
)/(a+r)}f(
0
,
0
)/f(, ) (1)

Net inelastic deformation

w/w
o =
/ f
t
`{g(, )/ g(
0
,
0
)-1 -(2)


This model contains which is measure of relative fractions of micro voids
and micro cracks.

= 0 no micro voids, less accurate when is large.

The tension softening diagrams for three values of a/r and several values of

0
are shown in fig.

As increases, not only does the critical value of crack tip opening
displacement w
c
increase, but more importantly, the failure is less unstable.
The equation 1 & 2 can be written as

wE`/ ft` d = (f(
0
,
0
)/2)[(
o
/ )1/2[g(,)/f(,)] (g(
0
,
0
)/f(
0
,
0
))]

Tension softening models cannot predict the exact value of the crictical
crack opening at rupture (=1).
A notational value may be used by limiting to 1- with governed by
the frictional pull-out characteristics of the hard phase from the matrix
material.


For a/r =0.1 ,the unstable branch is
totally absent, conforming the
stabilizing role of voids in the
tension softening process
Three dimensional model of Karihaloo & Huang (1992)
Two dimensional model predict sudden drop in tensile carrying capacity
after the onset of tension softening

Provision of thickness direction result in a more gradual reduction in the
initial post peak tensile carrying capacity.

In three dimensional model, the discontinuous macroflaw is modelled by a
doubly periodic array of penny shaped (circular) cracks (period=l) in the
eventual failure plane

Degree of damage = = a
2
/ l
2


Assumption: diff. b`n the actual opening displacement of any one crack in
the array and the avg. opening displacement of all remaining cracks is so
small as to be ignored

K
I
varies with polar angle
Three dimensional model of Karihaloo & Huang (1992)
/ f
t
`= (
0
/ )
1/4
f(
0
)/f()

3wE`/16a
0
f
t
`= g(
0
)/
0
(/ f
t
`

g(
0
)/g()- 1)

where
0 =
a
o

2
/ l
2

f
t
` = K
IC
m
(2 a
o
) f(
0
)

Comparison of the 2 fig. shows that triaxiality produce a
more gradual loss in the tensile carrying capacity after the
beginning of tension softening .
Calculation of fracture energy from (w) relation
Calculated from micromechanical models for tension softening

(w) is a function of intrinsic matrix fracture toughness K
IC
m

and accumulated damage
0

0
depends only on volume fraction of coarse aggregates in the mix

The area under tension softening curve described by eqn 1 and 2 between

1
-(3)

from eqn 1
-(4)

} }
c c =
0 1
) / )( ( ) (
ft
dw w d w
e
e o e o o
) 1 ( `
2
1
3
0 0
e
e
e
e
e
o
c
c
+ =
c
c f
f f
f
ft
Calculation of fracture energy from (w) relation


) 1 /( )
1
sin
1
( 2 /
1
3
1
3
0
1
3
1
3
1
s r
r s
rs
s r
r s
rs
C sC
f
f
e | e |
e e e
[
= =

= =
+ +
[

[
=
c
c
Sub the above eqn in eqn 4,we get


Where


then

0 0
0 0 2
`
) / * (
) (
f E
f g G
K G
f m
IC f
e [

=
] 1 /( 2
sin
[
2
*
3
1
3
0
3
1
3
1
1
2
0 0
0
s r
r s
rs
s r
r s
rs f
C C
f
g f
G e | e |
e
e e
e

}
= = = =
+ +
[
[
=
0 0
0 0
2 m
IC
) / * (
) (K
`
f
f g G G E
f f
e [

=
Calculation of fracture energy from (w) relation
G
*
f
includes energy expended on subcritical crack growth in prepeak
from linear region

Fracture toughness fitted with polynomial approx.



Microvoids significant role in toughening process

The relative contribution of prepeak nonlinearity to toughening of mix
will be 10 -12%

Hence incremental toughness of matrix is mainly due to its post peak
tension softening
) 1 ( ] [
K
`
0 0
1
0
3
1
0
1
0
m
IC
e e | e + =

= = =
r
s
r s
rs
r
r
ro
f
Y Y
G E
Thank you