CHAPTER 11: NEUROBIOLOGICAL DISORDERS

Tumors Seizure disorders Cerebrovascular accidents Disorders of development Degenerative disorders Disorders caused by infections disease

Tumors
A mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled serves no function Arise from other cells found in the brain Metastases originating elsewhere in the body

1.malignant tumor Cancerous/harm-producing Lacks a distinct border; infiltrating Metastasize/metastasis : The process by which cells break off a tumor, travel through he vascular system, & grow elsewhere in the body

Tumor initiating cell: Cells that originate from transformations of a neural stem cells, rapidly proliferate, & give rise to a glioma (a cancerous brain tumor composed of one of several types of glial cells)

2.Benign tumor noncancerous/harmless Has a distinct border; encapsulating Will not regrow once cut it out Meningioma: A benign brain tumor composed of the cells that constitute the meninges

Seizure disorders/epilepsy
Seizure ( a period of sudden, excessive activity of celebral neurons) Convulsion : A violent sequence of uncontrollable muscular movements caused by a seizure Motor activity

1.Generalized seizure A seizure that involves most of the brain, as contrasted with a partial seizure, which remains localized Grand mal seizure: Most severe; tonic-clonic seizure, which results in a convulsion Changes in mood; jerks of muscular

Aura : a sensation that precedes a seizure; its exact nature depends on the location of the seizure location Euphoria Excitation of neurons surrounding a seizure focus

i. tonic phase The first phase of a grand mal seizure, in which all of the patients skeletal muscles are contracted ii. clonic phase The phase of a grand mal seizure, in which the patient show rhythmic jerking movements

Absence/petit mal seizure: A type of seizure disorder often seen in children; characterized by periods of inattention, which are not subsequently remembered

2.Partial seizure A seizure that begins at a focus & remains localized, not generating to the rest of the brain i,. Simple Starting from a focus & remaining localized, that does not produce loss of consciousness

ii. Complex Starting from a focus remaining localized, that produces loss of consciousness

Causes :
Developmental abnormality Injury Stroke Drugs High fever (children) Genetic (production of ion channels)

Consequences :
Brain damage 50% damage to hippocampus Status epilepticus: A condition in which a patient undergoes a series of seizures without regaining consciousness

Treatments
Anticonvulsant drugs : increase the effectiveness of inhibitory synapses Surgery

Cerebrovascular accidents / strokes

Sudden attack of illness in the brain that can cause loss of the power to move, speak clearly Impairments in perception, emotional recognition & expression, memory & language Produce permanent brain damage Old/young

1. hemorrhagic stroke A cerebrovascular accident caused by the rupture of a cerebral blood vessel High blood pressure 2. ischemic stroke A cerebrovascular accident caused by occlusion of a blood vessel & interruption of th blood supply to a region of the brain; thrombi/emboli

Thrombus A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel, which may occlude it Embolus A piece of matter (such as blood clot, fat / bacteria debris) that dislodges from its site of origin & occlude an artery; in the brain can lead to a stroke

Risk factors
Antherosclerosis A process in which the linings of arteries develop a layer of plaque (cholesterol, fats, calcium & cellular waste products) Free radical Produced by damaged mitochondria; oxidant agent; toxic to cells

Treatments
Dissolves clots drug Surgery (remove blood clots) Carotid endartertectomy ( insertion of a carotid stent to expand artery) Constraint-induced movement therapy (CI): Cognitive, relaxation & physical fitness exercises

Disorders of development
Herediatary Nonhereditary Result in mental retardation

Fetal alcohol syndrome Alcohol disrupt neural adhesion protein ( a protein that plays a role in brain : helps to guide the growth of neurons) Inherited metabolic disorders Down syndrome

Degenerative disorders
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE);BSE A contagious brain disease whose degenerative process gives the brain a spongelike appearance; caused by accumulation of misfolded prion protein

Prion: A protein that can exist in two forms that differ only in their threedimensional shape; accumulation of misfolded prion protein is responsible for transmissible spongiform eccephalopathies

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: Mutation of the PRNP gene located on the short arm of chromosome 20 Sporadic disease: A disease that occurs rarely & is not obviously caused by heredity / in infectious agent Caspase: A killer enzyme that play a role in apoptosis

Parkinsons disease
Degeneration of the nigrostriatal system-the dopamine-secreting neurons of the substantia niagra that send axons to the basal ganglia Deficiency of automatic & habitual responses

Lewy body: Abnormal circular structure with a dense core consisting of a -synuclein protein; found in the cytoplasm of nigrostriatal neurons in people with Parkinsons disease

-synuclein protein: A protein normally found in the presynaptic membrane, where it apparently involved in synaptic plasticity; abnormal accumulations are apparently the cause of neural degeneration in Parkinsons disease

Parkin: A protein that plays a role in ferrying defective/misfolded proteins to the proteasomes;mutated parkin -cause to Parkinson disease Loss of function : Genetic disorder caused by a recessive gene that fails to produce a protein that is necessary to a good health

Protoasome: An organalle responsible for destroying defective/degraded proteins within the cell Ubiquitin: A protein that attaches itself o faulty /misfolded proteins & thus target them for destruction by protoasome

Treatments
Surgery (stereotaxic) Deep brain stimulation Gene therapy

Huntingtons disease
Degeneration of the caudate nucleus & putamen in basal ganglia Progressive uncontrollable /jerky movements, writhing movements, dementia & death Huntintin (Htt) A protein that may serve to facilitate the production & transport of brainderived neurotrospic factor; abnormality lead to Huntingtons

Alzheimers disease
Degeneration of hippocampus, entorthical cortex, neocortex (frontal & temporal lobes), nuclues basalis, locus coeruleus & raphe nuclei Progressive memory loss/dementia Motor deficits Death

Amyloid plaque: An extracellular deposit containing a dense core of -amyloid protein surrounded by degenerating axons & dendrites & activated microglia & reactive astrocytes -amyloid: A protein found in excessive amounts in the brains of patients with Alzheimers disease

Neurofibrillary tangle: A dying neuron containing intracellular accumulations of abnormally phosphorylated tau-protein filaments that formerly served as the cells internal skleton Tau-protein: A protein that normally serves as a component of microtubules, which provide the cells transport mechanism

-amyloid precursor protein (APP): A protein produced & secreted by cells tha serves as the precursor for -amyloid protein Secretase : A class of enzymes that cut the -amyloid precursor protein into smaller fragments, including -amyloid

Presenilin : A protein produced by a faulty gene that causes -amyloid precursor protein to be converted to the abnormal short form; may be a cause of Alzheimers disease

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE): A glycoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood & plays a role in cellular repair; presence of the E4 allele of the apoE gene increases the risk of the later-onset Alzheimers disease

Frontotemporal dementia: A mutation of the gene for tau protein that causes degeneration of the frontal & temporal cortex & subsequent dementia

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A degenerative disorder that attacks spinal cord & cranial nerve motor neurons Spasticity (increase tension in muscles & stiff movements) Weak Paralysis

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Autoimmune demyelinated disease Immune system attacks myelin sheaths, leaving behind patches of debris / sclerotic plaque Women 20/30yrs old Virus; Infection during pregnancy Treatments ( drugs (interferon & glatiramer) & surgery (transplant stem cells)

Korsakoffs syndrome
Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency caused by alcoholismpoor diet --vitamin intake low Brain damage Posterior hypothalamus

Disorders caused by infectious diseases

Encephalitis: An inflammation of the brain; caused by bacteria, viruses/ toxic chemicals Herpes simplex virus: A virus that normally causes cold sores near the lips but that can also cause brain damage

Acute anterior poliomyelitis: A viral disease that destroys motor neurons of the brain & spinal cord Rabies : A fatal viral disease that causes brain damage, usually transmitted through the bite of an infected animal Meningitis: An inflammation caused by baceria/viruses in meninges