Structure 2 Fall 2012

Pertemuan I : 9 September 2012 Clauses and Sentence

Elizabeth Valentin
elizabeth.valentin@outlook.com

Universitas Terbuka
Korea Selatan

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Mahasiswa MS Teknik Kimia, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) - Daejeon Hobby baca buku, jalan-jalan, ngobrol Info lebih lengkap
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Perkenalan Matakuliah
Buku Pegangan : Structure 2 Univ Terbuka Buku ini terdiri dari 12 modul, namun akan dibahas dalam 8 kali pertemuan Pertemuan 1 : Sentences dan Clauses Pertemuan 2 : Conjunctions Pertemuan 3 : Questions Pertemuan 4 : Passive Sentences Pertemuan 5 : Infinitives dan Gerunds Pertemuan 6 : Comparisons Pertemuan 7 : Noun Clauses and Reported Speech Pertemuan 8 : Adverbial Clauses Metode Pembelajaran : Tatap Muka dan 1 kali tutorial online

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Komponen Penilaian Dari tutor Tugas 70% Partisipasi (keaktifan) 30%

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Module 1 Unit 1
Clauses

Introduction
Apa itu Clauses (klausa) ? kelompok kata yang saling berhubungan yang mempunyai subjek dan predikat A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a verb

Clause : building block for making a sentence

Clauses Classification
Main clauses Independent Induk kalimat Clauses

Dependent Clauses

Subordinate clauses Anak kalimat

Independent Clause
Independent: A clause that can stand by itself and still make sense. An independent clause could be its own sentence, but is often part of a larger structure, combined with other independent clauses and with dependent clauses.

Independent Clause
Kelompok kata yang saling berhubungan yang mempunyai subjek dan predikat dan dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat lengkap dan utuh simple sentences

Independent Clause
Example Rudy is my son I know that boy Martha is very happy English is international language I have been to Alaska She wanted to know We went to supermarket yesterday

Dependent Clauses
Dependent: A clause that cannot stand by itself. It depends on something else (independent clause). If a dependent clause trying to stand by itself, it would be a sentence fragment. Klausa yang mempunyai subjek dan predikat tetapi tidak bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat yang lengkap karena tidak mengekspresikan pemikiran yang lengkap

Dependent Clause
Examples That he is a banker. Whether you go by bus or by train. If you go with us. Who is sitting alone. Whose hair is long. Because he did not have any money. After you arrive in Bali. Whereas anita is diligent. Why he cried.

Depedent Clause Classification

Noun clauses Adjective Clauses
Dependent clauses yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda

Dependent clauses yang berfungsi sebagai adjektif (sifat) or menerangkan kata benda Dependent clauses yang berfungsi sebagai adverb

Adverbial Clauses

Noun Clause
Noun clauses bisa digunakan sebagai subjek, sebagai objek kata kerja atau preposisi dan sebagai pelengkap. Noun clauses dapat menempati posisi kata benda dalam independent clause kata benda it. Subordinate conjunctionthat,whether if, what, dsb.

Examples noun clauses as subject/subjek

How he gets the money is his own affair What they did does not concern me. That he is a liar is obvious Where they work is not important to me. Why you asked me that question matters to me.

Examples noun clauses sebagai objek kata kerja

He suggested that I continue my studies at the famous university. She wanted to know whether I had some money. I dont know where he lives. The teacher asked me what my name was.

Examples noun clauses sebagai complement/pelengkap

My question is why you did not come last night. The main problem is they dont have a car. The most important point is how to increase the company product. My concern is how to pay the workers.

Dependent clause as Noun Clause

Independent clause Is his own affair He suggested She wanted to know Noun Clause How he gets the money That I continue my studies at the famous university Whether I had some money Where he lives

I dont know

Adjective clauses
Adjective clauses yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat atau menerangkan kata benda. Biasanya menggunakan relative pronouns misalnya which, who, whom, whose dll. Adjective clause bisa menempati posisi tengah atau posisi akhir kalimat.

Examples of adjective clause

The boy who/that gave me the book is Mr.Anwars son. The girl whose hair is braded is my daughter. Anita, who lives next to my house, is very rich. He gave the money to the man who had done the work. Here is the book which/that describes animals. I like the novel that he wrote.

Dependent clause as of adjective clauses

Independent clause He gave the money to the man The boy is Mr. Anwar Son adjective Clause Who had done the work Who/that gave me the book Which/that describes animals Whose hair is braded.

Here is the book

The girl is my daughter

Adverbial clause
Berfungsi sebagai adverbmenjelaskan kata kerja, frasa kata kerja, kata sifat, kata keterangan atau menjelaskan seluruh kalimat. Subordinate conjunctions (kata penghubung subordinasi), misalnya when, after, while,before,as soon as, as long as, whenever, every time, dan if akan dibahas detail di modul 10-12.

Examples of adverbial clause

You may begin when you are ready. Before you go to bed, you have to lock the doors. You may play after you have finished doing your homework.

Dependent clause as of adverbial clauses

Independent clause adverbial Clause You may begin When you are ready You have to lock the doors Before you go to bed

Module 1 Unit 2
Sentences

Sentences
Frank (1972) kalimat /sentences adalah: makna: suatu pemikiran yang utuh fungsi: terdiri dari subjek dan predikat

Classifications of sentences
Classifications by types: Declarative sentences (statement) Interrogative sentences (questions) Imperative sentences (commands and request) Exclamatory sentences (exclamations)

Classifications of sentences
Classifications by number of full predications: Simple sentences Compound sentences Complex sentences Compound-complex sentences

Declarative sentences (statement)

Digunakan untuk memberi informasi atau pendapat. Mempunyai subject dan predikat yang normal urutanya: S+P+0(pelengkap) Diakhiri tanda titik. Misal: Carol is happy. I have just bought my books.

Interrogative sentences (questions)

Kalimat tanya digunakan untuk menanyakan suatu informasi. Pada kalimat tanya letak subjek dan kata bantu terjadi pembalikan. Dalam statement subject terletak di awal kalimat, tapi disini kata kerja bantu mengawali kalimat Intonasiyes/no answer, intonasi naik. Question word intonasi turun.

Interrogative sentences (questions)

Yes-no question: Did the child eat his dinner? Is it your book? Are you maya? Question-word question What is your name? Where did you buy this? How to go there?

Imperative sentences (commands and request)

Kalimat perintah atau kalimat permintaan digunakan untuk memberi informasi apa yang harus dilakukan oleh lawan bicara. Beda command dan request adalah pada cara penyampaian. Request lebih sopan, menggunakan kata please. Diakhiri tanda seru! Example: Stop the bus, please! Eat your dinner! Or shorter : go!, stop! Help!

Exclamatory sentences (exclamations)

Kalimat yang digunakan untuk mengekspresikan emosi misalnya heran, gembira, atau emosi lainnya. Dimulai dengan frasa exclamatory yang terdiri dari What, atau how dan bagian dari predikatnya. Diikuti dengan subjek dan predikatnya. Diakhiri dengan tanda seru ! Example: What a good dinner that was! What beautiful hair she has! How beautiful she is! How far his house is!

Simple sentences (kalimat sederhana)

Kalimat sederhana hanya terdiri dari satu klausa saja, yaitu main independent clause, dan hanya punya satu subject dan satu predikat saja. Examples: Tedi Bought a house. Ratih is happy. Ratih and rita swim every day. The boys and the girls are friendly.

Compound sentences (kalimat majemuk setara)

Kalimat majemuk merupakan gabungan dari dua kalimat sederhana atau dua klausa utama atau lebih. Example: The rain fell, and the wind blew. He was so tired, so he went to bed I want to go away to school, but my family needs me at home

Complex sentences (kalimat kompleks)

Terdiri dari satu main independent clause dan satu atau lebih dependent (subordinate) clause, Example: You should lock the doors before you leave the house. Although john is a good athlete, he does not spend too much time in sports. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE+DEPENDENT CLAUSE=COMPLEX SENTENCES!!

Compound-complex sentences
Terdiri dari dua atau lebih main clause (klausa utama) dan satu atau lebih dependent clause (anak kalimat) Example: - Although the farmers always work long hours, they seem to enjoy their work, and they usually have a long time rest during the dry season. - Whenever I feel sad,I choose a humorous book to read, but it never cheers me up