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Follow instructions in your activity sheet. Cu plate in AgNO3

What is formed on the copper plate? What happens to the solution? Explain what has changed. Ionic equation: (Leave for later)

Al plate in CuSO4

What is formed on the aluminium plate? What happens to the solution? Explain the changes

Write half-equations for the following displacement reactions: Cu/ AgNO3

Which is more electropositive/ reactive copper or silver? What has lost e? What has gained e? Which is more electropositive/ reactive aluminium or copper? What has lost e? What has gained e?
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Al/ CuSO4

Displacement reaction can take place between a reactive metal and a salt solution of a less reactive metal John is more attractive & is able to displace Brad & steal Anna Similarly, zinc is more reactive and will spontaneously displace copper from its salt solution

Zn (s)+ CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

C H2

+ +
+ 2AgNO3

Can CO guess you 2 the meaning of oxidation H2O now?

CxHyOz +
Cu

CO2 + H2O
Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

CuO + C
What colour is the copper(II) oxide? What changes do you observe in the crucible? Explain the changes in your own words.

Fe2O3 + C

What colour is iron(III) oxide? What changes do you observe after heating the mixture of carbon and iron(III) oxide? What is attracted to the magnet? Explain what has reacted and what is produced.
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Gain of O2 Loss of H2 - NH3 + CuO N2 + Cu + H2O - What is oxidised in the reaction above? Loss of electrons
- Cu Cu2+ + 2e

Increase in oxidation number

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Agents always help another party

Property Agents help another party to get property Insurance Agents help another party to get insurance coverage

Oxidising Agents help another substance to get

oxidised Reducing Agents help another substance to get

reduced

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Oxidizing agents oxidize substances, but get reduced

What is the oxidizing agent in the eg below?

Reducing agents reduce substances but get oxidised

What is the reducing agent in the eg below?

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Which element undergoes oxidation? Reminder: LEO Which element undergoes reduction? Reminder: GER

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Review electrolysis of H2O Molten Al2O3 Set up the half-equations at the anode and cathode (these are the equations that show loss/ gain of e)

Oxn always happens at the anode (AnOx) Reduction always happens at the cathode (RedCat)

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Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 Write the ionic equation for the reaction And then write the oxidation and reduction half-equations 2 half-equations
(oxidation equation & reduction equation make a complete redox equation!!)

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What do the following have common? What do the following have inin common?

Cl2 ( Cl + e Cl- ) Halide ions Br2 (Cl- Cl + e - ) Br + e Br

Metals acidified

Iron Br-ions (Fe3+ + e Fe2+) (III) Br + e

potassium manganate(VII), H+/KMnO4 Na potassium acidified Na+ + e dichromate(VI), H+/K2Cr2O7 Mg Mg2+ + e Concentrated HNO3 , HCl Hydrogen sulphide, H2S Thiosulphate, S2O32 Sulphur dioxide, SO2

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Mn2+ Cr3+

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Cu

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Oxidation: LEO Reduction: GER Oxidizing agents get reduced

Eg of oxidizing agents: If you write out the half-eqns, you will find that these agents always GAIN electrons

Reducing agents get oxidized

Eg of reducing agents: If you write out the half-eqns, you will find that these agents always LOSE electrons

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Zn (s)+ CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2 I2 + KCl no reaction

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More likely to K e lose electron/ Na Na+ + e more Ca Ca2+ + 2e

K+ + Mg Mg2+ + Al Al3+ + 3e Zn Zn2+ + 2e Fe Fe2+ + 2e Sn Sn2+ + 2e Pb Pb2+ + 2e H2 2H+ + 2e Ag Ag+ + e Au Au+ + e

electropositive 2e

Cu Cu2+ + 2elose

Less likely to

electropositive
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electron/ less

Strongest oxidizing agent

F2

F-

Cl2 Br2 I2
Strongest reducing agent

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What is the oxidizing agent? What is the reducing agent? Determine the oxidation and reduction processes.

Eg, Mg MgO : oxidation PbO Pb : reduction Oxidizing agent: Reducing agent:

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The arbitrary charge assigned to an element according to a set of rules

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Halide ions: -1 Oxide ion: -2 Nitride ion: -3 Aluminium ion: +3 Magnesium: +2

Sodium ion: +1

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2(+1)+(-2)= 0 (+2)+2(-1) = 0

(+4)+2(-2)= 0

(+2)+(+4)+ 3(-2) =0

(+2)+(-2)= 0

(+4)+2(-2)= 0

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Unknown oxn no for an element is represented in the following manner: The more electronegative element get its common oxidation no. Sum of oxidation no. for compounds = 0; Sum of oxn no. for polyatomic ion = charge of ion Calculate oxidation no. of other elements
Eg, in SO42- , [S] + 4[O] = -2
For SO42- , [S] + 4(-2) = -2 [S] = -2 + 8 = +6
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Oxygen, [O]; nitrogen, [N]; sulphur, [S]

Eg, in SO42- , O: -2

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cyclohexane

Halogens in

Aqueous Difficult to identify

Chlorine

Bromine

Iodine

Metals in groups 1, 2 and 13 one oxidation state, hence Use roman naming them is not a problem
numerals

Transition metals various oxidation states:

Copper can have +1 and +2 oxidation states Iron can have +2 and +3 oxidation states Manganese can have +2, +4, +6 and +7 oxidation states

How to name compounds with these elements?

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K2MnO4
KMnO4 Mn(NO3)2 MnO2

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Halogens other than fluorine can have positive oxidation states. For eg,
NaClO NaClO3

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Na2SO3 Na2SO4 NaClO NaClO3 NaNO2 NaNO3

Sodium chlorate(V) // sodium chlorate Sodium chlorate(I) // sodium hypochlorite Sodium sulphate(VI) // sodium sulphate Sodium sulphate(IV) // sodium sulphite

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Increase in oxidation state

-10

Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2

Decrease in oxidation state

0 -1

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Reducing agent undergoes oxidation: Loss of electrons/ increase in oxidation state Oxidising agent undergoes reduction: Gain of electrons/ decrease in oxidation state
Mn+ + ne- M Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl M Mn+ + ne 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-

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Mn2+ Cr3+

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Cu
Homework: Worksheet on writing half-equations

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Displacement/ single-replacement reactions Combustion (in oxygen or chlorine) Neutralisation reactions and double displacement reactions are not redox reactions.

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Confirm presence of iron(II)/iron(III) ions by precipitation of the hydroxide with NaOH Oxidizing agents can cause this:
Acidified potassium manganate(VII) Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) Cl2 Br2 Concd HNO3 H+/ H2O2 (acidified hydrogen peroxide)

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Reducing agents will reduce iron(III) iron(II):

sodium sulphite Metals more electropositive than iron Sulphur dioxide Potassium iodide Hydrogen sulphide Tin(II) chloride

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Observation of colour change easier to make as oxidising agent & reducing agent are not mixed
Reducing agent and oxidizing agent in contact Separation of oxidizing, reducing agents by an electrolyte The reducing agent, the oxidizing agent The negative terminal, the positive terminal Direction of flow of electrons Colour change in both arms of U-tube
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Identify

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Like a simple chemical cell Involves iron (the reducing agent) and oxygen (oxidising agent)

Metals corrode, iron rusts

Rust = hydrated iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3.xH2O Fe + O2 + H2O Fe2O3.xH2O

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Corrosion: Some metals oxidize spontaneously at room T by releasing electrons

M Mn+ + neGroup 1 Group 2
Al, Cr, Zn, Ni corrode easily but forms hard, impermeable oxide layer

Unreactive metals

Application: Anodizing aluminium protects it from corrosion

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Layer of Fe2O3 brittle & permeable to air and water Once oxide layer is cracked, the whole metal will be eaten up by rust
Anode (LEO): Fe Fe2+

Electrons travel to cathode, accepted by O2 & H2O OH

Equation at cathode is the reverse of the equation for the discharge of OH-

Cathode (GER): O2 + 2H2O + 4e- 4OH-

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Remove iron nails from test tubes The following reagents added are to test for
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), K3Fe(CN)6 Phenolphtalein

What do these indicate?

Intensity of dark blue colour Intensity of pink colour

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Anode: Fe Fe2+ {blue colour with K3Fe(CN)6} Cathode: O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH- {pink colour with phenolphtalein} Iron only
Jumping jelly! In which test tube do you notice the jelly has jumped Iron/ Mg up? Blue colour Pink colour Hydrogen ions have Iron/ Cu accepted e hydrogen gas!
Blue colour Pink colour Blue colour Pink colour -

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Presence of strong electrolytes s.a. salt or acid.

Less electropositive

More electropositive Electrochemical corrosion:

Contact with less electropositive metals

Fe corrodes rapidly when its in contact with less electropositive metals

Na

Mg

Al

Zn

Fe

Sn

Pb

Cu

In contact with these metals, Fe does not rust!!

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Protect surface of iron from contact with water and air Grease, oil, paint, plastic coating Plating iron with less electropositive metals Disadvantage: Broken coating faster rusting Plating iron with chromium Cr can form impermeable, non-brittle oxide layer Stainless steel (iron, chromium, nickel, carbon) is resistant to rusting) Plating with more electropositive metal (sacrificial metal) Galvanising: coating iron with zinc Cathodic protection

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Simply a list of metals arranged according to their reactivity with oxygen

Reactivity increases Ease of oxidation increases

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X + oxide of Y oxide of X + Y

X is able to displace Y from its oxide X is more reactive than Y Intensity of flame when metal burns in O2 indicates reactivity Important: Colour of metal oxides
CuO PbO, PbO Fe2 O3 ZnO, ZnO

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Which one can Oxygen is one of the most reactive, unloyal give me element electrons more easily? It reacts with almost every element in the periodic table
Just like girls after money, oxygen will readily pair up with any element that can give electrons easily.

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The element (metal/ carbon/ hydrogen) that can steal oxygen is the more reactive element (more electropositive)

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C + Fe2O3 CO2 + Fe

Carbon more reactive than iron Used in the extraction of iron from haematite/ magnetite

H2 + PbO H2O + Pb

Hydrogen more reactive than lead

Zn + H2O ZnO + H2

Zinc more reactive than hydrogen

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Simply a list of metals arranged according to their reactivity with oxygen

If you put Cu in HNO3 , will there be a reaction?

Reactivity increases Ease of oxidation increases

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Extraction of metals from metal ores

Electrolysis for very reactive metals (above C in

the electrochemical series) Reduction by carbon for metals below C in the electrochemical series

Important processes
Extraction of iron from haematite Thermite process displacement reaction between aluminium and iron(III) oxide Extraction of tin from cassiterite

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To remove impurities from iron ore

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Hall-Heroult process Al metal extracted from molten aluminium oxide (2000C) Cryolite lower m.pt to 950C Molten Al2O3 dissociates into its ions What happens at anode? Cathode? (Show how to get the equation Carbon anode replaced from time to time:
C + O2 CO2 2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2

Downs process Anode: carbon; cathode: iron Calcium chloride added to lower m.pt of

sodium chloride

Derive this equation:

2NaCl 2Na + Cl2

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