SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

Indias Population

1027 Million

Urban Population

285 Million

Urban Areas (Cities / Towns)

5161

TREND OF URBANIZATION
Year 1951 1. Number of Urban 2795 Agglomerations / Towns Year Year Year 1991 2001 2021 3768 5161 --

2. Urban Population (in million)

62.0

217.0 285.0 550.0

3. As percentage of total Population

17.3% 25.72% 27.8% 41%

MAGNITUDE OF PROBLEM

Per capita waste generation increasing by 1.3% per annum

With urban population increasing between 3 3.5% per annum

Yearly increase in waste generation is around 5% annually

India produces 42.0 million tons of municipal solid waste annually at present.

Per capita generation of waste varies from 200 gm to 600 gm per capita / day. Average generation rate at 0.4 kg per capita per day in 0.1 million plus towns.

Collection efficiency ranges between 50% to 90% of the solid waste generated.

Urban Local Bodies spend around Rs.500/to Rs.1500/- per ton on solid waste management of which,

60-70% of the amount is on collection alone 20% - 30% on transportation

Hardly any fund is spent on treatment and disposal of waste

*
*

Crude dumping of waste in most of the cities

QUANTITY OF WASTE GENERATION

TOTAL QUANTITY OF SOLID WASTE GENERATED IN URBAN AREAS OF THE COUNTRY 1.15 LAKH TONNE PER DAY (TPD) % OF TOTAL GARBAGE 18.35% 17.08%

WASTE GENERATED IN 6 MEGA CITIES WASTE GENERATED IN METRO CITIES (1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS) WASTE GENERATED IN OTHER CLASS-I TOWNS (0.1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS)

21,100 TPD 19,643 TPD

42,635.28 TPD ____________ 83,378.28 TPD

37.07% _________ 72.50%

IF WASTE PRODUCED IN ALL CLASS-I CITIES IS TACKLED, PERCENTAGE OF WASTE SCIENTIFICALLY MANAGED WOULD BE 72.5% OF TOTAL WASTE.

Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste

Compostable / Bio-degradable = 30% - 55% matter (can be converted into manure) Inert material = 40% - 45% (to go to landfill) = 5% - 10% (Recycling)

Recyclable materials

These percentages vary from city to city depending

on food habits

PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

STORAGE OF WASTE AT SOURCE IS LACKING DOMESTIC WASTE THROWN ON STREETS TRADE WASTE ON ROADS / STREETS CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS LEFT UNATTENDED BIO-MEDICAL WASTE DISPOSED IN MUNICIPAL WASTE STREAM - INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSED OF IN OPEN AREAS SEGREGATION OF RECYCLABLE WASTE AT SOURCE NOT DONE PRIMARY COLLECTION OF WASTE NOT DONE AT PLACE OF GENERATION

Contd../..

DESIGN & LOCATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE STORAGE DEPOTS INAPPROPRIATE, RESULTING IN LITTERING OF GARBAGE .

STREET SWEEPING NOT DONE EVERYDAY

WASTE TRANSPORTATION DONE IN OPEN VEHICLES WASTE PROCESSING PARTIALLY PRACTISED IN 35 ULBs ONLY FINAL DISPOSAL DONE THROUGH CRUDE DUMPING RAG PICKERS COLLECT RECYCLABLES FROM MUNICIPAL BINS / DUMPSITES AND LITTER THE WASTE CAUSING INSANITARY CONDITIONS

REASONS FOR IMPROPER MANAGEMENT OF WASTE

Lack of planning for waste management while planning townships Lack of proper institutional set up for waste management, planning and designing in urban local bodies Lack of technically trained manpower Lack of community involvement

Lack of expertise and exposure to city waste management using modern techniques / best practices
Lack of awareness creation mechanism Lack of Management Information Systems Lack of funds with ULBs Indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user charges and sustainability

RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. Possible Waste Management Options :

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Waste Minimisation Material Recycling Waste Processing (Resource Recovery) Waste Transformation Sanitary Landfilling Limited land availability is a constraint in Metro cities.

2.

Processing / Treatment should be :

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

Technically sound Financially viable Eco-friendly / Environmental friendly Easy to operate & maintain by local community Long term sustainability

RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE PROCESSING & DISPOSAL

I WEALTH FROM WASTE (PROCESSING OF ORGANIC WASTE) (A) WASTE TO COMPOST (i) (ii) AEROBIC / ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING VERMI-COMPOSTING

(B) WASTE TO ENERGY (i) (ii) II III REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) / PELLETIZATION BIO-METHANATION

RECYCLING OF WASTE SANITARY LANDFILLING

IV

TREATMENT OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE SEPARATELY

VARIOUS TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS RECOMMENDED FOR WASTE PROCESSING

TOWNS GENERATING GARBAGE
UPTO 50 METRIC TONS / DAY(MT/DAY) = VERMI-COMPOSTING BETWEEN 50 MT & 500 MT / DAY = VERMI-COMPOSTING + MECHANICAL COMPOSTING MORE THAN 500 MT / DAY = MECHANICAL COMPOSTING + REFUSE DERIVED FUEL(RDF) FROM REJECTS KEEPING IN VIEW THE TYPE OF THE CITY (INDUSTRIAL OR NONINDUSTRIAL) OR BIO-METHANATION

TENTH PLAN PROPOSALS

Requirement of funds as per 10th Plan document for 0.1 million plus towns as per 1991 Census are as under:Capital Investment = Rs.23226.00 million

Equipment replacement = cost

Rs. 1355.00 million

________________

Rs.24581.00 million ________________ Based on January, 2000 prices

INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

Bio-medical Waste Handling Rules, 1998 Notified

Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules, 2000 Notified.

Reforms Agenda (Fiscal, Institutional, Legal)

Technical Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management

Technology Advisory Group on Municipal Solid Waste Management Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Integrated Plant Nutrient Management from city compost.

Tax Free Bonds by ULBs permitted by Government of India Income Tax relief to Waste Management agencies Public-Private Partnership in SWM

Capacity Building
Urban Reforms Incentive Fund Guidelines for PSP and setting up of Regulatory Authority Introduction of Commercial Accounting System in ULBs & other Sector Reforms

Model Municipal Bye-Laws framed / circulated for benefit of ULBs for adoption
Financial Assistance by Government of India 12th Finance Commission Grants

DEVOLUTION OF 12TH FINANCE COMMISSION GRANTS FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT RS.2500.00 CRORES
( RS. IN MILLION) (I) COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT & MACHINERY (II) COMPOST PLANTS 3864.4

10012.3

(III) SANITARY LANDFILL DEVELOPMENT

10568.8 ------------------TOTAL 24445.5 -----------------DEVOLUTION TO ULBs BY 12TH FINANCE - Rs.19439.4 Million COMMISSION
PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT ENVISAGED THROUGH PPP IN COMPOSTING / SANITARY LANDFILLING - Rs.5006.2 Million

NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION

CENTRAL / STATE GRANTS ARE PROPOSED TO BE PROVIDED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Grant Centre Cities with 4 million plus population Cities with one million plus population but less than 4 million 35% 50% State 15% 20% Loan 50% 30%

Other cities

80%

10%

10%

MAIN ISSUES
ABSENCE OF SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE LACK OF TECHNICAL EXPERTISE APPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND

UNWILLINGNESS OF ULBs TO INTRODUCE PROPER COLLECTION, SEGREGATION, TRANSPORTATION AND TREATMENT / DISPOSAL SYSTEMS INDIFFERENT ATTITUDE OF CITIZENS TOWARDS MANAGEMENT DUE TO LACK OF AWARENESS WASTE

LACK OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION TOWARDS MANAGEMENT AND HYGIENIC CONDITIONS

LACK OF FUNDS WITH ULBs

WASTE

RECOMMENDATIONS
Outsourcing of all activities under Solid Waste Management Services recommended by 12th Finance Commission for using grants ULBs to concentrate on segregation of waste at source

Waste processing like composting, biomethanation should be done through public-private partnerships / private sector
Final disposal viz. sanitary landfilling to be done under public private partnerships / private sector Bio-medical waste to be managed by Central BioMedical Waste Management Facilities.