WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS

A Seminar on Doubly Fed Induction Generators(DFIG)

Presentation by
M.D.Udaya kumar (M.E. Power Management)

VARIABLE SPEED WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

Turbines rotor absorbs the mechanical power fluctuations.

Output power curve is smoother.

Since variable speed operation produces a variable frequency voltage, a power electronic converter must be used.

THE INDUCTANCE MACHINE AS A MOTOR

Stator RMF causes the rotor to spin. As rotor approaches synchronous speed of the rmf, the relative motion becomes less and less. Thus, an induction machine as a motor always spins somewhat slower than synchronous speed.

Slip:
The difference in speed between the stator and the rotor
NS NR NR s 1 NS NS

(6.28)

s = rotor slip : positive for a motor, negative for a generator NS = no-load synchronous speed (rpm) f = frequency (Hz) p = number of poles NR = rotor speed (rpm)

THE INDUCTION MACHINE AS A GENERATOR

The stator requires excitation current

from the grid if it is grid-connected or by incorporating external capacitors Wind speed forces generator shaft to exceed synchronous speed

Slip is negative because the rotor spins faster than synchronous speed Slip is normally less than 1% for grid-connected

TYPICAL ROTOR SPEED:

Single-phase, self-excited, Induction Generator

WHY INDUCTION GENERATOR?

Simple and robust construction. Can run independently. Inexpensive. Minimal maintenance. Inherent overload protection. At high speed, reduces size and weight of machine and filter components.

IN VARIABLE SPEED TURBINES WITH DOUBLY FED INDUCTION GENERATORS,

The stator winding is directly connected to the grid. The rotor winding is fed through a converter which can vary the electrical frequency as desired by the grid.
Energy capture is more efficient.

GROWIAN WIND TURBINE MODEL

A cycloconverter is used as inverter.

So the frequency deviation is restricted to approximately 40% of the nominal speed The slip power of the induction generator is not only fed into the grid, but the rotor is also supplied with power from the grid. Both oversynchronous and subsynchronous operation of the generator is possible.

CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR A DFIG

1.Current-mode Control (PVdq)
This technique is often used for the electrical control of the DFIG

The rotor current is split into two orthogonal components, d and q. The q component of the current is used to regulate the torque and

The d component is used to regulate power factor or terminal voltage.

TORQUE CONTROL SCHEME

To modify the electromagnetic torque of the generator according to wind speed variations. Driving the system to the required operating point reference. The reference torque is manipulated to generate a reference value for the rotor current in the q axis.

VOLTAGE CONTROL SCHEME

To provide terminal voltage or power factor control using the rotor-side converter. Reactive power injection for voltage control schemes, the rotor-side converter is likely to be preferred. It is because the rotor circuit is effectively amplified by a factor of 1/s.

2.ROTOR FLUX MAGNITUDE AND ANGLE CONTROL

It is done by by adjusting the magnitude and angle of the rotor flux vector.

Advantages: Provides low interaction between the power and voltage control loop. Also provides enhanced system damping and voltage recovery during faults.

VOLTAGE CONTROL SCHEME

The difference in the magnitude of Vs, from Vsref , forms an error signal. Then it is processed via the AVR compensator to produce the reference value for |Eg|ref.

POWER CONTROL SCHEME

In this, Peref is determined by the wind turbine PN characteristic for maximum power extraction from the prevailing wind velocity.

The difference in the magnitude of Pe, from Peref , forms an error signal. Then it is processed by the compensator to produce the reference value, gref with respect to the stator voltage vector.

Thank you