\
|
=
20. Abnormal Pressure 411. Well Drilling Slide 26 of 41
D - Exponent
If we assume that K = 1
and E = 1
Then
D
B
E
D
W
N K R
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\
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=
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.
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\
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.
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\
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=
B
D
W
log
N
R
log
D
D
B
D
W
N
R
|
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.
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\
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=
20. Abnormal Pressure 411. Well Drilling Slide 27 of 41
D - Exponent
A modified version of this equation
follows:
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\
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.
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=
B
6
D 10
W 12
log
N 60
R
log
d
20. Abnormal Pressure 411. Well Drilling Slide 28 of 41
Example
Calculate the value of the d - exponent if
the drilling rate is 35 ft/hr, the rotary RPM is
100, and the weight on the 12 1/4 bit is
60,000 lbs.
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=
B
6
D 10
W 12
log
N 60
R
log
d
2308 . 1
2341 . 2
25 . 12 10
000 , 60 * 12
log
100 * 60
35
log
6
=
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\
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=
d = 1.82
20. Abnormal Pressure 411. Well Drilling Slide 29 of 41
Example
What happens to d if R doubles to 70 ft/hr?
Note that an increase in R resulted in a decrease in d.
Doubling R decreased d from 1.82 to 1.57
57 . 1
2308 . 1
9331 . 1
25 . 12 10
000 , 60 * 12
log
100 * 60
70
log
d
6
=
=
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=
20. Abnormal Pressure 411. Well Drilling Slide 30 of 41
Example
d may be Corrected for density as
follows
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.
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\
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=
) ppg ( use in weight mud actual
) ppg ( gradient normal for weight mud
d d
c
37 . 1
12
9
* 82 . 1
12
9
d d ., g . e
c
=
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=
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\
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=
20. Abnormal Pressure 411. Well Drilling Slide 31 of 41
Example 2
Calculate d if: R = 20 ft/hr
N = 100 RPM
W = 25,000 lbf
D
B
= 9 7/8 in
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=
875 . 9 * 10
000 , 25 * 12
log
100 * 60
20
log
6 |
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\
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\
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=
B
6
D 10
W 12
log
N 60
R
log
d
d = 1.63
20. Abnormal Pressure 411. Well Drilling Slide 32 of 41
Example 2
If the normal pore pressure gradient in the
area is 0.433 psi/ft, and the actual mud
weight is 11.2 #/gal, what is d
c
?
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=
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=
2 . 11
33 . 8
* 63 . 1
) ppg ( weight mud actual
) ppg ( gradient normal
d d
c
d
c
= 1.21
20. Abnormal Pressure 411. Well Drilling Slide 33 of 41
20. Abnormal Pressure 411. Well Drilling Slide 34 of 41
Procedure for Determining Pore
Pressure From d
c
- Exponent
Calculate d
c
over 10-30 ft intervals
Plot d
c
vs depth (use only date from
Clean shale sections)
Determine the normal line for the
d
c
vs. depth plot.
Establish where d
c
deviates from the
normal line to determine abnormal
pressure zone
20. Abnormal Pressure 411. Well Drilling Slide 35 of 41
Procedure for Determining Pore
Pressure From d
c
- Exponent
d
c
- Exponent
D
e
p
t
h
Normal
Abnormal
20. Abnormal Pressure 411. Well Drilling Slide 36 of 41
Procedure for Determining Pore
Pressure From d
c
- Exponent
If possible, quantify the magnitude of the
abnormal pore pressure using
overlays, or Ben Eatons Method
Pore
Pressure
Grad.
Overburden
Stress Grad.
Normal Pore
Pressure Grad.
2 . 1
c
c
n
normal d
calculated d
D
P
D
S
D
S
D
P
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=
20. Abnormal Pressure 411. Well Drilling Slide 37 of 41
In normally pressured
shales, shale
compaction increases
with depth
20. Abnormal Pressure 411. Well Drilling Slide 38 of 41
Shale Density - Mud Cup Method
1. Fill mud cup with shale until the weight is 8.33.
2. Fill to top with water, and record the reading W
tot.
Note: Dry sample carefully with towel.
Do not apply heat.
tot
W 66 . 16
33 . 8
Gravity . Spec
=
20. Abnormal Pressure 411. Well Drilling Slide 39 of 41
Alternate Method: Use variable density column.
See p. 270 in text
20. Abnormal Pressure 411. Well Drilling Slide 40 of 41
Pore Pressure from
Resistivity
Shale resistivity plots
may be developed
from (i) logs or
(ii) cuttings
What is the pore
pressure at the point
indicated on the plot?
[Assume Gulf Coast].
Depth=10,000 ft
0.2 0.5 1 2 3
10,000
20. Abnormal Pressure 411. Well Drilling Slide 41 of 41
From plot, R
n
= 1.55 ohms
R
obs
= 0.80 ohms
From Eaton:
EATON
2 . 1
n
obs
n
R
R
D
P
D
S
D
S
D
P
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=
( )
2 . 1
55 . 1
80 . 0
465 . 0 95 . 0 95 . 0
D
P
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\
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=
= 0.7307 psi/ft = 14.05 lb/gal
P = 0.7307 * 10,000 = 7,307 psi
0.2 0.5 1 2 3
10,000
D
e
p
t
h