Networking

Collection of physically separated and heterogeneous computer system that are networked to give a user with access to resources Advantages :Computation, speed function ,Availability, Reliability etc Use of Interface devices (NIC) LAN,MAN,WAN Network operating system i.e use across the network

Command Interpreter system

A special program i.e. running when a job is initiated or when a user first logs on are known as shell Example Baurne shell, k shell , c shell Use to get(interpret ) and execute the command to manipulate the files(create, delete ,list ,copy etc) There are 2 ways with wich a command can be executed Command will have a separate code or file (e g rm command ) Command itself consists of an action e g open ,close

User Interface and Application Interface

Provides user friendly GUI rather than CLI (Graphical user interface , Command line Interface) Provides desktop , icon , folder , cursor etc X window system , K DESKTOP, GNOME etc Varies from system to system and User to user

Different Types of Operating System Multitasking System (Multiprocessing ) MultiUser System Time Sharing System

Multitasking System
Task means a process : Running State of program There will be two or more processes will be active and will execute concurrently Single CPU divides its time for more jobs Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU switching between them Scheduling algorithms are use to achieve this Its an extension to multiprogramming

MultiUser System
Allows multiple users on different computers or terminals to access a same resources like computer , printer etc responsible for managing memory and processing for other applications handling user interaction and data requests Time-sharing systems are multi-user systems An example is a Unix server (Achieved using xtalk and vTerm ) Use of Dumb Terminal,Terminal Emulation ,Dial In Terminal

Time Sharing System

Sharing of a computing resource among many users by means of multiprogramming and multitasking Operates in an Interactive mode with quick response time Utilization of Resources like memory, printer , I/O Many Users (Time is given to each user ) Time slice can be given in round robin fashion to share the resources Complex to design and implment

Real Time System

A real time operating systems are well defined system with fixed time constrained (deadline) It has quick response time E.g. flight control system,cofee makers, heating and lighting , embeded system Special purpose system used for the user convenience Resource utilization Memory : little swapping between primary memory and secondary memory Two types hard real time and soft real time

Multiprocessor System
Two or more processor sharing bus, memory , clock i/o devices Advantages 1)Increased Throughput:To get more work done in same time 2)Economy of scale :can cost less than an equivalent single processor can cost 3)Increase Reliability: failure of one processor will not halt the system (Increases fault tolerant)

Multiprocessor System
There are 2 Types Asymmetric Multiprocessor and Symmetric Multiprocessor Asymmetric : Each processor is assign a specific task and a master processor will control the system. Master will control the slave processor Symmetric: Each Processor performs all the task. i.e all processors are peers no master slave relationship Recently cores are introduced instead of multiple processors

Client Server System

A specialized distributed system where systems called a server system which satisfy the requests generated by client system Server systems can be compute server or file server Client Client Client
Network Server

Compute server : client can send a request to perform the action(read data) e.g.ATM File server :client can request for a file to create , delete , updatw or read the file e.g. web

Peer to Peer Computing

Client and Server are not distinguish from one another , all node within the same systems are considered as peers Each may act as a client or a server depending upon whether it is requesting or providing service To participate in a network first a node needs join a network then it can start providing a service or can request for a service How to determine the available service ?(2 ways ) When a node joins a network it needs to register its service with centralized look up service (so to check the
availability of service every node need to check in the centralized look up service)

By broadcasting the request to all the node

Clustered System
Clustered Systems are composed of two or more individual system coupled together. Share storage and linked via a Local area network(LAN) Provides high availability even if one or 2 systems in cluster fails Each node can monitor one or more other node in LAN if monitored machine fails the monitoring machine takes the ownership of failed machine and restarts the application

Clustered System
Clustering can be structured symmetrically or Asymmetrically In Asymmetric Clustering one machine can be in hot stand by mode while other is running Hot stand by machine monitors an active server , if server fails hot stand by mode machine becomes the server In Symmetric mode two or more machines are running application and all are monitoring each other