C++

Lecture 3 Monday, 14 July 2003

Arrays, Pointers, and Strings

Use of array in C++, multidimensional array, array argument passing Pointers Relation between pointer and array String, string processing functions

Arrays

Declaration of an array int c[12]; or const int max = 12; int c[max]; References to an array c[ ] c[0], c[1], , c[max-1]

Array Initialization
int n[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; or int n[ ] = {1, ,2, 3, 4, 5}; n[0], n[1], , n[4] are valid references
C.f. Fig. 4.3

Array of Characters (String)

char string1[20]; char string2[ ] = "string literal"; Individual array element is a character string2[3] = 'y';

C.f. Fig. 4.12

Passing Array
Passing an array name is equivalent to passing the address of the array int a[5]; // declare array func(a); // use function void func(int a[ ]) // define function { C.f Fig. 4.14 }

Array Name is a constant Address

int a[100]; a is the address of a[0], a+k is the address of a[k]. a1, or a+100, is also a valid address; C/C++ cannot check array index out of bound error during compile or run time.

Multiple-Subscripted Arrays
int a[2][5]; A 2 by 5 array. Initialization int a[2][5] = { {0,1,2,3,4}, {0,2,4,6,8} }; Row major convention in C/C++

Argument Passing for Multi-Dimensional Array

int a[3][5]; func(a); or func(a+1);

void func(int b[ ][5]) { ...

C.f Fig. 4.22

Pointers

Pointer value holds the address of a variable. Pointers are also typed, i.e, pointer to int is considered different from pointer to double. E.g., int *p; double *fpt;

Declaration of Pointer Variables

int *p; // a pointer to int int c; // an int variable p = &c; // address of c is given to p The value of variable p is the address of c. The value at the address stored in p is the value of c. *p = 2; // dereferencing

Address Operator &

int c, *p, a[100];

p = &c; p = a; p = &a[0];

// address of c // address of array // same as above

Dereferencing Operator *
int *p, c;

c = 1; p = &c; j = *p;

// let p point to c

// j gets 1,

Operator Precedence and Associativity

() [] left to right ++, --, &, * right to left */ % left to right +,left to right <<, >> left to right <, <=, >, >= left to right ==, != left to right , left to right highest unary multiply additive insertion relational equality comma

Left to Right Association

a + b + c means (a+b) + c

Precedence
a + b*c means a + (b*c)

Adding Parentheses ( ) to show the order of evaluation

b += x = y - k*a[ j ] && 3 | u < v--;

See Appendix A, page 1214 for the complete "Operator Precedence Chart".

Answer
b += (x = ((y - (k*(a[ j ]))) && (3 | (u < (v--)))));

Call-by-Reference with Pointer

Passing a pointer can modify the value in calling program. int c; cube_it(&c);

void cube_it(int *p) { ...

C.f. Fig.5.7

Pointer to const data and const Pointers

void f(const int *p); The data pointed by p cannot be modified. int * const p = &x; // p always // pointing to x const int *const p = &x; // p always // points to x, x cannot change

Relationship between Pointers and Arrays

An expression of *(a + k) is considered totally equivalent to a[k].

E.g., a[0] is the same as *a.

Multi-Dimensional Array

In the declaration int a[3][7]; we can view a as pointer to array of a[0], a[1], a[2], which themselves are pointers to int array a[i][j]. **a is the same as a[0][0].

Pointer of Pointers
a a[0] a[1] a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2]

a[1][0]
a[0][0]

a[1][1] ...

a[0][1] a[0][2] ...

Arrays of Pointers
char *suit[4] = { "Hearts", "Diamonds", "Clubs", "Spade"};

suit[0][0] refers to 'H', suit[3][4] refers to 'e' in "Spade", suit[2][20] is an illegal access.

Function Pointer
void (*f)(int); f is a pointer to a function of the form void g(int). Function names are like address, e.g, f = g; (*f)(5); // call the function

Fundamentals of Characters and Strings

char c, s[10]; // declare variables c = 'a'; // can be used as small int s = "John Q"; // don't work, why? You must do s[0] = 'J'; s[1] = 'o'; s[2] = 'h'; // etc Or use string copy function

String Initialization
char color[ ] = "blue"; char *colorPtr = "blue"; char color[ ] = {'b', 'l', 'u', 'e', '\0'};

What is the difference between the array color and the pointer colorPtr?

Read a String
char word[20]; cin >> word; // cause problem cin >> setw(20) >> word; // OK Read an entire line char sentence[80]; cin.getline(sentence, 80);

String Processing Functions <string.h>

char *strcpy(char *t, const char *s); char *strncpy(char *t, const char *s, size_t n); char *strcat(char *t, const char *s); int strcmp(const char *s, const char *t); size_t strlen(const char *s);

String Processing

Examples from Fig.5.30 and 5.31.

C.f. Fig 5.30 and 5.31

Exercise 4.29

(The Sieve of Eratosthenes) A prime integer is any integer that is evenly divisible only by itself and 1. Use the sieve method to find prime.
Initialize a[1000] all to 1 (for true). Starting from 2, 3, , k, ..., set array indices which are all multiple of k to 0, print the nonzero indices.