BASIC OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPT MANAGEMENT

The user interface

System users often judge a system by its interface rather than its functionality A poorly designed interface can cause a user to make catastrophic errors Poor user interface design is the reason why so many software systems are never used User interfaces have a 6 different type.

1. Command Line Interface Command Line Interface, where the user provides the input by typing a command string with the computer keyboard and the system provides output by printing text on the computer monitor. Used by programmers and system administrators, in engineering and scientific environments, and by technically advanced personal computer users. Problem with Command Line Interface Users have to learn and remember a command language. Command interfaces are therefore unsuitable for occasional users Users make errors in command. An error detection and recovery system is required System interaction is through a keyboard so typing ability is required

2. Voice User Interfaces Voice user interfaces, which accept input and provide output by generating voice prompts. The user input is made by pressing keys or buttons, or responding verbally to the interface.

3.Text User Interfaces Text user interfaces are user interfaces which output text, but accept other form of input in addition to or in place of typed command strings
4. Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)

Graphical user interfaces (GUI) accept input via devices such as computer keyboard and mouse and provide articulated graphical output on the computer monitor. Most users of business systems interact with these systems through graphical interfaces although, in some cases, legacy text-based interfaces are still used.

Advantages of GUI They are easy to learn and use.

-Users without experience can learn to use the system quickly.

The user may switch quickly from one task to another and can interact with several different applications.
-Information remains visible in its own window when attention is switched.

Fast, full-screen interaction is possible with immediate access to anywhere on the screen

5. Menu System Interface Users make a selection from a list of possibilities presented to them by the system The selection may be made by pointing and clicking with a mouse, using cursor keys or by typing the name of the selection May make use of simple-to-use terminals such as touchscreens.

Advantages of Menu System Interface Users need not remember command names as they are always presented with a list of valid commands Typing effort is minimal User errors are trapped by the interface Context-dependent help can be provided. The users context is indicated by the current menu selection

Problem with Menu System Interface Actions which involve logical conjunction (and) or disjunction (or) are awkward to represent. Menu systems are best suited to presenting a small number of choices. If there are many choices, some menu structuring facility must be used. Experienced users find menus slower than command language.

6. Web Based Form Interface Web based form interface accept input and provide output by generating web pages which are transmitted via the internet and viewed by the user using a web browser. Pengguna boleh mengisi segala butir-butir yang dikehendaki di dalam borang yang disediakan melalui web browser. Example: Borang peminjaman buku (library)

Example of Web Based Form Interface

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Primary Functions Performed by the File System Maintaining a shared file system is a major job for the operating system. The file system is also responsible for allocating disk space and keeping track of where files are located. Komoditi utama bagi satu sistem komputer adalah maklumat. Fail di dalam bentuk aturcara sistem, penterjemah, utiliti, pengawal dan kerja pengguna sama ada ianya di dalam bentuk aturcara sumber, kod objek atau gabungan data. Disimpan di dalam sistem komputer. Semua maklumat ini disimpan di dalam storan sebagai satu jujukan bit. Sistem pengoperasian memudahkan penggunaan dan penyimpanan maklumat. Pengurusan fail adalah satu tugas sistem pengoperasian yang utama.

Primary Functions Performed by the File System Membenarkan fail dicipta dan dipadam. Membenarkan fail dibaca dan ditulis. Menyediakan pengurusan ruang ingatan sekunder (di luar pengetahuan pengguna).

Merujuk fail dengan nama simbolik. (pengguna tidak perlu tahu kedudukan fizikal fail)
Melindungi fail daripada kecacatan system. Membenarkan perkongsian fail tetapi juga melindungi fail daripada dicapai oleh pengguna yang tidak berkenaan. Transmisi di antara ingatan utama dan sekunder.

System Calls
User programs are not allowed to access system resources directly. They must ask the OS to do that for them.
OS provides a set of functions that can be called by user programs to request for OS services. These functions are called system calls

System Calls
System calls run in kernel mode.

They can be called by executing a special instruction (trap or software interrupt) which causes processor to switch to the kernel mode and jump to a previously defined location in the kernel. When the system call finishes, processor returns to the user program and runs in user mode.

API (Application Programming Interface)

An API is a set of functions provided by an operating system or other system software.

An application program calls the functions to request the services. An API clearly defines how to call functions and what the results are. (API is specification, not implementation) Examples: APIs for file system, graphics user interface, networking, etc.

Advantages of Using API

Portability
User programs that follow the APIs definition are portable.

An API can provide a common interface for different implementations of a service.

For example, the UNIX file system API is the same for all kinds of devices.
X windows API has many implementations on different machine architectures

Using an API allows upgrading system software without changing user programs

Logical I/O and Physical I/O

Logical I/O A Logical I/O is when the program does an I/O (which usually IS to/from a buffer) Logical I/O is a programmatic request for data satisfied by a memory (block, buffer) access A logical I/O may cause a physical I/O in the first place, or a logical I/O may retrieve a part of a block (buffer) of data from memory Physical I/O Physical I/O is the actual data transfer between memory and storage (usually issued, completely transparent to the user or his program, by the OS storage). Physical I/O is an actual fetch of data from a storage device such as a disk.

Input/Output Control System

Terdapat beberapa perbezaan di antara peranti-peranti dari segi kelajuan, perpindahan, operasi yang dibenarkan dan keadaan ralat yang menyebabkan kesukaran kepada sistem operasi untuk mengendalikannya. Antara ciri-ciri yang berbeza terhadap peranti-peranti ialah : Kadar penghantaran data (kelajuan).
Contoh : Cakera 2 Mbait/saat Papan kunci 10-15 bait/saat

Unit penghantaran (perpindahan).

Contoh : Cakera blok 512, 1024 bait Paparan satu aksara

Input/Output Control System

Operasi yang dibenarkan.
Contoh : Cakera baca, tulis, carian Pencetak tulis, gerakkan kertas, pilih font

Keadaan ralat.
Contoh : Cakera ralat baca Pencetak kertas tiada

Input/Output Control System

Input/Output Control System

Berikut adalah penerangan mengenai rajah tersebut iaitu Struktur Sistem Input Output: (1) Arahan paras tinggi diterjemah dan memanggil sistem yang berkaitan di mana ianya diuruskan oleh sistem pengoperasian.

Input/Output Control System

Input/Output Control System

(2) Arahan dalam panggilan sistem adalah dalam bentuk logikal yang tak bergantungan daripada peranti. Panggilan sistem melaksanakan pemprosesan awal dan pengesahan terhadap permintaan dan mengarahkan kepada pengendali yang tertentu. Juga menguruskan sampukan.

Input/Output Control System

Input/Output Control System

(3) Pengendali peranti menguruskan komunikasi dengan peranti yang tertentu. Menukarkan permintaan logikal daripada pengguna kepada arahan-arahan tertentu ke aras peranti berkenaan. Pengawal peranti : perkakasan yang disambung kepada bus i/o dan menyediakan antaramuka dengan komputer dan peranti i/o. direka khas untuk tujuan sebuah sistem komputer.

(4)

Input/Output Control System

Input/Output Control System

(5) Peranti : direka untuk kegunaan berbagaibagai sistem komputer.