Chapter 1

The Human Organism

Cells of the Peritoneum

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Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body
Systemic anatomy is the study of the body by organ systems Regional anatomy is the study of the body by areas Surface anatomy uses superficial structures to locate deeper structures

Physiology is the study of the processes and functions of the body

Structural and Functional Organization

Six Levels of Organization
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Chemical Level Cell Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level Organism Level

Structural and Functional Organization

1. Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules 2. Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells 3. Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

Structural and Functional Organization

1. Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules 2. Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells 3. Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

Structural and Functional Organization

1. Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules 2. Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells 3. Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

Structural and Functional Organization

4. Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder 5. Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system 6. Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism

Structural and Functional Organization

4. Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder 5. Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system 6. Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism

Structural and Functional Organization

4. Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder 5. Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system 6. Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism

Organ systems of the human body and their associated organs

Fig. 1.3a

Organ systems of the human body and their associated organs

Fig. 1.3b

Characteristics of Life
1. Organization: all parts of an organism interact to 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
perform specific functions Metabolism: the chemical and physical changes taking place in an organism Responsiveness: adjustments that maintain their internal environment Growth: increase in size of all or part of the organism Development: changes an organism undergoes through time Reproduction: formation of new cells or new organisms

Homeostasis
Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
set point is the ideal normal value (body temperature)
normal range is the fluctuation around set point

Homeostasis
Homeostasis is maintained by negative and positive feedback mechanisms
Negative feedback turns off the original stimulus
Positive feedback enhances and up-regulates the initial stimulus (is usually harmful to the body)

Terminology and Body Plane

Body Positions
Anatomical position
human standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms hanging to the sides, and the palms facing forward

Supine person laying face up Prone person laying face down

Terminology and Body Plane

Directional terms
Always refer to anatomical position
Right Left Superior Inferior Cephalic Caudal Anterior Posterior Ventral Dorsal Proximal Distal Lateral Medial Superficial Deep

Body Parts and Regions

Fig. 1.11

Body Parts and Regions

Fig. 1.12

Body Planes
Sagittal plane: divides the body into left and right parts Transverse plane: divides the body into superior and inferior parts Frontal (coronal) plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Fig. 1.13

Organ Planes
Longitudinal section: along its long axis Cross (transverse) section: right angle to the long axis Oblique section: across the long axis at an angle other than a right angle

Fig. 1.14

Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity: bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm Abdominal cavity: bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles Pelvic cavity: surrounded by the pelvic bones

Fig. 1.15

Serous Membranes
Parietal membrane: lines the wall of the cavity Visceral membrane: is in contact with the internal organs Serous fluid: secreted by the serous membrane and protects organs against friction

Serous Membranes
Pericardial cavity: surrounds the heart

Pleural cavities: surround the lungs

Serous Membranes
Peritoneal cavity: surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs
Mesenteries hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs Retroperitoneal organs are located behind the parietal peritoneum