Porosity

In this module you will learn about
Porosity
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Developers References
Topic Overview
Titlepage
Topic Overview
2 Idealized Models
1 General Aspects 3 Measurments
of porosity
1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
General aspects
One may distinguish between two types of porosity,
namely absolute and effective
Absolute and effective porosity are distinguished by their
access capabilities to reservoir fluids
Art-micrograph of sandstone with oil
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Void spaces
contributes
to absolute
porosity
Permeable
spaces
contributes
to effective
porosity
1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
Genetically the following types of porosity can be distinguished:
Rock media having both fracture and intergranular
pores are called double-porous or fracture-porous
media.

Intergranular porosity
Fracture porosity
Micro- porosity
Vugular porosity
Intragranular porosity

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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
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Consolidated
From the point of view of pores susceptibility to mechanical
changes, one should distinguish between consolidated and
unconsolidated porous media
Consolidated porous media pertain to sediments that have been compacted and
cemented to the degree that they become coherent, relatively solid rock
A typical consequences of consolidation include an increase in density and
acoustic velocity, and a decrease in porosity

Sandstone with quartz cement and secondary
porosity

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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
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Sorting
Sorting is the tendency of
sedimentary rocks to have
grains that are similarly
sized--i.e., to have a
narrow range of sizes
Poorly sorted sediment
displays a wide range of
grain sizes and hence has
decreased porosity
Well-sorted indicates a
grain size distribution that
is fairly uniform
Depending on the type of
close-packing of the
grains, porosity can be
substantial.
Photomicrographs of sorting in sandstones
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
Section 2: Idealised Models
Parallel cylindrical pores
Regular cubic-packed spheres
Regular orthorhombic-
packed spheres
Regular rhombohedral-
packed spheres
Irregular-packed spheres with
different radii
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
Estimation of porosity accounting to this model:
78,5% or 785 , 0
4 2 2
2
= =

= =
t t
|
rm rn
m n r
V
V
b
p
Parallel Cylindrical Pores
e bulk volum - V
volume pore - V
e bulk volum in the contained cylinders of number - n m
radius pipe - r
b
p
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
47,6% or 476 , 0
6
1 = =
= =
t
|
b
m b
b
p
V
V V
V
V
Regular Cubic-Packed Spheres
3 3
m
3
b
p
3
4
8
3
4
8
1

rock) by the occupied space bulk of (volume ume matrix vol - V
2 e bulk volum - V
volume pore - V
r r
r) (
t t = |
.
|
\
|
=
=
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
39,5% or 395 , 0
3 12
4
1 1
3
3
= = =
= =
r
r
V
V
V
V V
V
V
b
m
b
m b
b
p t
|
Regular Orthorhombic-Packed Spheres
( )
spheres packed - ic orthorhomb the of height - h
3
4
ume matrix vol - V
3 4 60 sin 4 2 2 e bulk volum - V
3
m
3 3
b
r
r r h r r
t =
= = =
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
26,0% or 26 , 0
2 12
4
1 1
3
3
= = =
= =
r
r
V
V
V
V V
V
V
b
m
b
m b
b
p t
|
Regular Rhombohedral-Packed Spheres
r r r
r
r h r r
2 2 4 on tetrahedr in the height - h
3
4
ume matrix vol - V
2 4 2 2 e bulk volum - V
2 2
3
m
3
b
= =
=
= =
t
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
The figure shows an example of an idealised porous
medium represented by four populations of spheres
(sorted by radii)

The histogram shows the hypothetical grain-size
distribution.
Irregular-Packed Spheres with Different Radii
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
Porous medium blended with three types of sediment fractions:
Fine pebble gravel
with porosity (|
pebble
=0,30)
Sand (|
sand
=0,38)
Fine sand (|
f.sand
=0,33)
3,7% or 037 , 0 . = = = pebble sand sand f
Vb
Vp
| | | |
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
= =
= = = = =
pebble pebble sand sand, sand f.sand
pebble b f.sand, f.sand p
pebble sand f.sand
pebble
pebble pebble sand f.sand
pebble
sand sand f.sand
pebble
f.sand f.sand
.
V V V V
V V V V
V
V
V
V
V
V
| |
|
| | |
| | | | | |
|
b
p
tot
V
V
Example
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
Measurement of porosity

Measurement of Porosity
Uncertainty
Well Logs
Core Analysis
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
Full-diameter
Core Analysis
Grain-volume
measurements based
on Boyle`s law
Bulk-volume
measurements
Pore-volume
measurements
Fluid-Summation
Method
Core Analysis
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
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Section 3.1: Full-diameter Core Analysis
Used to measure the porosity of rocks that are distinctly
heterogeneous. (Ex: carbonates and fissured vugular
rocks)
The same core-plug is a non-representative elementary
volume for this type of rock.
In heterogeneous rocks, the local porosity may be highly
variable. It may include:
micro-porosity
intergranular porosity
vugues
fractures various combinations of these.
A full-diameter core sample usually has a diameter of 5
inches (12,5 cm) and a length of 10 inches (25 cm)
Does not differentiate between the actual types of porosity
involved.

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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
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Section 3.2: Grain-Volume Measurements Based on
Boyle`s Law

Injection and decompression of gas into the pores of a
fluid-free (vacuum), dry core sample.
Either the pore volume or the grain volume can be
determined, depending upon the instrumentation and
procedures.
Porosity measurements based on the
Boyle`s law
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
Boyle`s Law

Helium gas is often used due to its following properties:

The small size of helium molecules makes the gas rapidly penetrate
small pores
Helium is an inert gas that will not be absorbed on the rock surface and
thus yield erroneous results

Alternatives: N
2
and CO
2

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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
Calculation of the grain volume
Ideal gas law:

In case of vacuum inside the sample chamber:

Assuming adiabatic conditions, we obtains:
Boyle`s Law
) (
2 1 g s ref ref
V V V p V p + =
2
1 2 2
p
V p V p V p
V
ref s ref
g
+
=
nRT pV =
V p V p
2 1 1
=
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
Section 3.3: Bulk-Volume Measurements

This technique uses the Archimedes` principle of mass
displacement:

The core sample is first saturated with a wetting fluid and then
weighed.

The sample is then submerged in the same fluid and its submerged
weight is measured.

The bulk volume is the difference between the two weights
divided by the density of the fluid
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage

Fluids normally used:

Water which can easily be evaporated afterwards.

Mercury which normally not enters the pore space in a core sample due
to its non-wetting capability and its large interfacial energy against air.

A very accurate measurement, with a uncertainty of
0,2%.
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
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Example: Uncertainty analysis in measuring the bulk
volume using Archimedes` principle.
The core is measured in two steps:
Weighing the sample in a cup of water; m
1
(Assuming 100%
water saturation)
Then weighting the sample in air as it is removed from the cup; m
2

The bulk volume is:

Differentiating the equation above gives us:
w
b
m m
V
1 2

=
w
w
b b b
b
dr
r
V
dm
m
V
dm
m
V
dV
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
1
1
2
2
(
=
w
w
w
b
d
m m
dm
m m
dm m m
dV
1 2
1
1 2
2 1 2
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
If the density measurement as well as the two mass-
measurements above, is considered to be independent
measurements, the relative uncertainty in the bulk volume
is:

It may also be written as:

If the uncertainty in determined the water density is
estimated to 0,1% and the weighting accuracy is equal to
0,1g , we find a relative uncertainty in the bulk volume of
approximately 0,5%.

2 2
1 2
2
2
|
|
.
|
\
| A
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
w
w
m m
m
V
V
b
b
2 2
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
w
w
b w b
b
V
m
V
V
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
Section 3.4: Pore-Volume Measurements
A core sample is placed in a rubber sleeve holder that has
no voids space around.
This is called a Hassler holder, see fig.

Helium or one of its substitutes is injected into the core
plug through the end stem.

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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
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Section 3.4: Pore-Volume Measurements
Calculations of the pore volume

It is important to notice that the Hassler core holder has to
be coupled to a volume of known reference, V
ref
.

( )
( )
( )
0 2 1
0 2
2 1
2
1 0
p p p where
and
ref p
ref p
ref
V
p p
p p
p
V
nRT V V p
nRT V p V p
> >
=
= +
= +
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
Section 3.5: Fluid-Summation Method
Technique is to measure the volume of gas, oil and water
present in the pore space of a fresh or preserved core of
known bulk volume.
The core sample is divided into two parts:
One part (ca. 100 g) is crushed and placed in a fluid-extraction resort.
Vaporised water and oil move down and are collected in a calibrated
glassware, where their volumes are measured.
Second part of the rock sample (ca. 30 g) is weighed and then placed in
a pycnometer, filled with mercury. The bulk volume is determined,
measuring the volume of the displaced mercury.
Then the pressure of the mercury, P
Hg
, is raised to 70 bar.
At this pressure mercury are filling the pore space
originally occupied with gas. Gas volume can then be
calculated
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
The laboratory procedure provides the following
information:
First sub sample gives the rock`s weight, W
S1
, and the volumes of oil,
V
o1
, and water, V
W1
, are recorded.

Second sub sample gives the volume of gas, V
g2
, and the rock`s bulk
volume, V
b2
.

Fraction of the gas-bulk volume:

Also:

g
b
g
g
S
V
V
f | = =
2
2
and V W
app b s
=
1 1
2
1
2 1 2 2
s
s
b b app b s
W
W
V V V W = =
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1 General Aspects
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3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
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The formation oil- and water factor are calculated as follow:

The sum of the fluid-volume factor then gives the porosity value:

o
b
o
o
S
V
V
f | = =
1
1
w
b
w
w
S
V
V
f | = =
1
1
( ) | | = + + = + +
g w o g w o
S S S f f f
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
Titlepage
Example: Use of pycnometer in matrix volume calculation.
In order to define the matrix volume, V
m
, of a core sample,
the following measuring steps are carried out:
1. The pycnometer cell is fully saturated with mercury.
2. The pycnometer piston is withdrawn and a gas (air) volume of V
0
is
measured.
3. The core sample is placed in the cell, and the cell volume is sealed. The
equilibrium condition inside the cell is written:
4. Mercury is injected into the cell and a new gas volume, V
1
, and
pressure, is measured.
5. New equilibrium is reached and we write:
Finally; the matrix volume is found as follows:
( )
m
V V p
0 0
( )
m
V V p
1 1
0 1
0 0 1 1
p p
V p V p
V
m
=
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1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
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Porosity Estimation from Geophysical Well Logs

Porosity can be estimated from:

Formation resistivity factor
Microresistivity log
Neutron-gamma log
Density (gamma-gamma) log
Acoustic (sonic) log
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Topic Overview
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Potential Error in Porosity Estimation
Experimental data
Involve a degree of uncertainty related to the possible
measurement errors

The measurement of porosity is normally a function of V
p
, V
m

and/or V
b

) , , (
b p m
V V V f = |
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Topic Overview
Titlepage
Potential Error in Porosity Estimation
b
p
V
V
= |
b
b
p
p
V
dV
V
dV
d
=
|
|
2
2
|
|
.
|
\
| A
|
|
.
|
\
| A
=
A
b
b
p
p
V
V
V
V
|
|
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If the porosity is defined as
The equation can be differentiated
The potential error of prosity measurement is then
1 General Aspects
2 Idealised Models
3 Measurements
of Porosity
Topic Overview
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1 General Aspects
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Topic Overview
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References
Figures taken with permission from the authors of
Reservoarteknikk1: A.B. Zolotukhin and J.-R. Ursin

Figures also taken with permission from Ola Ketil Siqveland
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