Al-Khwarizmi
A Portrait of
AlKhwarizmi
Portrait of Al-Khwarizmi
This is taken from a stamp from the former USSR
LEARNING ALGEBRA
RESEARCH ON BRAIN shows Algebra concepts can be taught -as early as in Kindergarten Second graders at The School at Columbia Univ. are learning algebra Other countries: To 6th or 7th graders US: 25% of middle graders get algebra In California, Algebra is taughtbeginning of the 8th grade
WHAT IS ALGEBRA?
Algebra is a branch of Maths. Describes relationships between things that vary over time Variables denoted by letters and symbols. Algebra is a study in logic.
TEXTBOOK OF ALGEBRA
BAYT AL-HIKMA-Center for Jafar Muhammad Study and Research AbuMusa al-Khwarizmi ibn
lived in Baghdad(Gift of God) in the early ninth century. Baghdad at that time was at cultural crossroads, and, under the patronage of the Abbasid caliphs, the socalled House of Wisdom at Baghdad, produced a Golden Age of Arabic science and mathematics. In Baghdad, scholars encountered and built upon the ideas of ancient Greek and Indian mathematicians
BAYT AL-HIKMA
There, al-Khwarizmi encountered the Indian numeral system (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), and he wrote a treatise on what we call Arabic numerals. It was translated into Latin in the twelfth century as Algoritmi de numero Indorum (that is, AlKhwarizmi on the Hindu Art of Reckoning) and was crucial in the introduction of Arabic numerals to medieval Europe. It may well represent the first use of zero as a positional place holder. From that title, we have the word "algorithm."
Algebra-A Practical System for solving real life Problems in the Islamic empire at that time In all their dealings with one another. Where the measuring of lands. The digging of canals. Geometrical computations. Other objects of various sorts and kinds are concerned.
Distributive: x(y+z) = xy+xz, (x+y)z = xz+yz Associative: (x+y)+z = x+(y+z) (xy)z = x(yz) Commutative: x+y = y+x xy = yx Identity: x+0 = 0+x = x x 1 = 1x = x Inverse: x+(-x) = (-x)+x = 0 x(x-1) = (x-1)x = 1
LAWS OF ALGEBRA
Textbook of Algebra
Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala was translated into Latin(Robert Chestetr) in 1145 as Liber algebrae et almucabala, from which we have the word "algebra" for the whole process. But don't expect al-Khwarizmi's al-jabr to look anything like our algebra. Al-Kwharizmi's book is written entirely in prose, with none of the symbols we use today.
Some Problems-Formal
"If from a square, I subtract four of its roots and then take one-third of the remainder, finding this equal to four of the roots, the square will be 256. " He explained it in the following manner: "Since one-third of the remainder is equal to four roots, one knows that the remainder itself will equal 12 roots. Therefore, add this to the four, giving 16 roots. This (16) is the root of the square. The above can also be stated in terms of modern notation as 1/3 (x2 - 4x ) = 4x." Therefore x = 16.
"A man is hired to work in a vineyard 30 days for 10 Dollars. He works six days. How much of the agreed price should he receive?"
It is evident that since days are one-fifth of the whole time; and it is also evident that the man should receive pay having the same relation to the agreed price that the time he works bears to the whole time, 30 days. The month, i.e., 30 days, represents the measure, and ten represents the price. Six days represents the quantity, and in asking what part of the agreed price is due to the worker you ask the cost. Therefore multiply the price 10 by the quantity 6, which is inversely proportional to it. Divide the product 60 by the measure 30, giving 2
Dollars.
SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS He first reduces an equation (linear or quadratic) to one of six standard forms: 1. Squares equal to roots. Example: ax2 = bx 2. Squares equal to numbers. Example: ax2 = b 3. Roots equal to numbers. Example: ax = b 4. Squares and roots equal to numbers. Example: ax2 + bx = c e.g. x2 + 10 x = 39. 5. Squares and numbers equal to roots. Example: ax2 + c = bx e.g. x2 + 21 = 10 x. 6. Roots and numbers equal to squares. Example: ax2 = bx + c, e.g. 3x + 4 = x2.
Geometric Proof
We now complete the square by adding the four little squares each of area. 5/2x5/2 = 25/4. Hence the outside square in Fig 3 has area 4 x 25/4 + 39 = 25 + 39 = 64. The side of the square is therefore 8. But the side is of length 5/2 + x + 5/2 so x + 5 = 8, giving x = 3.
Al-Khwarizmi's concept of algebra can now be grasped with greater precision: it concerns the theory of linear and quadratic equations with a single unknown and the elementary arithmetic of relative binomials and trinomials. ... The solution had to be general and calculable at the same time and in a mathematical fashion, that is, geometrically founded. ... The restriction of degree, as well as that of the number of unsophisticated terms, is instantly explained. From its true emergence, algebra can be seen as a theory of equations solved by means of radicals, and of algebraic calculations on related expressions...
GEORGE SARTON(18841956) Author of Introduction to History of Science (3 Volumes) Former Prof. At Harvard Univ.
Wrote on Al-Khwarizmi as ... the greatest mathematician of the time, and if one takes all the circumstances into account, one of the greatest of all time....
Algoritmi de numero Indorum (Al-Khwarizmi on the Hindu Art of Reckoning) gave ALGORITHM deriving from his name in the title of the book.
Al-Khwarizmi wrote on
Al-Kwarizmi's Books
Kitab al-Jama wal-Tafreeq bil Hisab al-Hindi and Kitab al-Jabr wa al-Muqabala
Were translated into Latin and were used for several hundred years in Europe
ASTRONOMY
Al-Khwarizmi wrote on Calendars True positions of the sun, moon, and planets Spherical astronomy Parallax and eclipse calculations Visibility of the moon (21ST CENTURY Muslims are confused on the sighting of the moon) Wrote a book on Astronomical Tables-A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE SCIENCE OF ASTRONOMY
GEOGRAPHY
Kitab surat al-ard (book of the form of the earth) Gave latitudes and longitudes for 2,402 cities and landmarks, forming the basis for a world map. Corrected in detail Ptolemy's views on Geography
GEOGRAPHY
Supervised 70 geographers to create a map of the then known world which shows the pacific coast of South America about 700 years before Columbus discovered America. Measured volume and circumference of the earth. Wrote Kitab al-Tarikh and Kitab al-Rukhmat (on sundials)
actually includes the whole coast of Peru and part of the coast of Chile. We find rivers and capes, in particular two especially characteristic capes lying on the PeruEcuador coast; the Satyrorum Promontorium or the Cape of Satyrs, which is Punta Aguja, and the Notium Promontorium or Southern Cape which is Punta Paria,
Turkish Admiral Piri Reis's World Map-1513 CE is on the left side(Antarctica discovered in 1820). On the Right Side is Muhammad Al-Idris's map of 1154 CE
IMPACT ON EUROPE
Adelard of Bath (England) was born in 1075. He studied and taught in France and visited Syria, Sicily and Spain He died in 1160. He translated several works on Mathematics and Astronomy. Among the most important works he translated was the Astronomical tables AlMajriti (1126). He translated Al-Khwarizmi's tables and other works on the abacus and astrolabe. His 'Quaestiones naturales' consists of 76 scientific discussions derived from Muslim sciences.
IMPACT ON EUROPE
Gerard born in 1114 in Cremona (Italy). In Toledo, Spain he learnt Arabic so he could translate available Arabic works into Latin. He died in 1187 in Toledo, Spain (Andalusia). Among his translations were the surgical part of Al-Tasrif of Al-Zahravi (Albucasis), the Kitab al-Mansuri of AL-Razi (Rhazes) and the Qanun of Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Banu Musa's works, Al-Biruni's commentry on Al-Khawarizmi (after whom concept "Algorithm" is named), the tables of Jabir b. Aflah and Zarqali.
Muslim mathematicians invented geometrical algebra, solved third and fourth degree equations. The world witnessed a new stage in the development of mathematical science, driven by the numerous translated works from Arabic into European languages.
NUMBER ZERO
Muslim mathematical study concentrated in three areas: ongoing progress in algebra, the development of arithmetic algorithms, and the increasing complexity in geometry. The number zero and decimal system in Europe was the basis for the Scientific revolution. Problems that took days (using Roman Numerals) to solve could now be solved in minutes (using Arabic numerals).
FAMOUS WORKS
Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah from whose title came the name "Algebra" Kitab al-Jam'a wal-Tafreeq bil Hisab al-Hindi (on Arithmetic, which survived in a Latin translation but was lost in the original Arabic) Kitab Surat-al-Ard (on geography) Istikhraj Tarikh al-Yahud (about the Jewish calendar) Kitab al-Tarikh Kitab al-Rukhmat (about sun-dials)
13th Century Muslim World Led the whole world with its development of the culture of philosophy, science, mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry and medicine. If the Muslim world had been able to continue on the Qur'anic commands on scientific research, the cause of human progress would have advanced by about 500 years.
CONCLUSION
Algebra and algorithms are enabling the building of computers, and the creation of encryption. The modern technology industry would not exist without the contributions of Muslim mathematicians like Al-Khwarizmi.
In Minneapolis, MN on Sept. 26, 2001 said, "There was once a civilization that was the greatest in the world. This civilization was driven by invention. Its architects designed buildings that defied gravity. Its doctors examined the human body, and found new cures for disease. Its astronomers looked into the heavens named the stars, and paved the way for space travel and exploration.
THE END
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!