Maxwells equations

Presented By-
Mohammad Rameez
James Clerk Maxwell
Born in
Edinburgh,
Scotland in 1831
Attended
Edinburgh
Academy, The
University of
Edinburgh, and
Cambridge
University
Published by the
young age of 14

Maxwells Contributions
Analysis of color perception
An explanation of Saturns rings
Analysis of the theory of fluids and solids
Helped father modern statistical
mechanics and the molecular theory of
gases
Theory of
Electromagnetism
Maxwells equations
Introduction
In the earlier studies of electricity and
magnetism, experimental physicists had
determined two physical constants- the
electric ( ) and magnetic ( ) constant in
vacuum. These two constants appeared in
the electromagnetic wave equations, and
Maxwell was able to calculate the velocity
of the wave-the speed of light-in terms of
the two constant. Therefore the three
experimental constants-, , and c
previously thought to be independent are
now related in a fixed and determined way.
Instead of three independent constants
there are now only two.
o
c
o

o
c
o

Maxwell Equations of
Electromagnetism
a) Gausss law for the electric field:
}
= -
o
yS netclosedb
Q
S d E
c

Gauss Extended
The electric field is
due to electric
charges.
Related to electric
flux

Electric field lines start
or stop on a charge or
make a closed loop.
Maxwell Equations of
Electromagnetism
b) Gausss law for the magnetic field:
}
= - 0 S d B

No Monopoles
There are no magnetic
charges.


Magnetic field lines
can only make a
closed loops.
Maxwell Equations of
Electromagnetism
c) Faradays law of electromagnetic induction:
}
u
= -
dt
d
l d E
magnet

Faraday Extended
An emf is induced by a
varying magnetic field
within a closed path.
Magnetic forces will
move charges.

This implies that a
changing magnetic field
creates an electric field.

Setting the Stage - The Displacement
Current
Maxwell had a crucial leap of
insight...
Will there still be a magnetic field around
the capacitor?
A Beautiful Symmetry...
A changing magnetic
flux produces an Electric
field

A changing electric
flux produces a Magnetic
field

Maxwells Equations
Start with Amperes Law

Earlier, we just went on a
closed path enclosing
surface 1. But according to
Amperes Law, we could
have considered surface 2.
The current enclosed is the
same as for surface 1. We
can say that the current
flowing into any volume
must equal that coming out.
enc
i s d B
0
. =
}

Maxwells Equations
Same problem here.
Surface 1 works,
but no current
passes through
surface two which
encloses a magnetic
field. What is
happening???
Maxwells Equations
Suppose we have a charged capacitor and it begins to
discharge
Surface 1 works but surface
2 has no current passing
through the surface yet there
is a magnetic field inside the
surface.
Prior to the Displacement
Current
Magnetic field generated solely by electric
charge in motion Amperes Law:
It was also thought (and still is) that electric
charge cannot be created or destroyed the
continuity equation:
Combined, give the result that the
amount of electric charge at any particular
place never changes mathematical
contradiction
V- J + c/ct = 0
enc
i s d B
0
. =
}

Inconsistency of Amperes Law:

Taking divergence of Amperes law hence
Amperes law is not consistent for time varying equation of continuity.


(from Gausss Law)










displacement current density.
Hence Amperes law becomes Now taking divergence results equation of continuity

Integrating over surface and applying Stokess theorem


magneto motive force around a closed path=total current enclosed by the path.
J H . ) .( V = V V
0 = J
D
t
J . . V
c
c
= V
0 . =
|
.
|

\
|
+
c
c
V J
t
D
0 . =
|
.
|

\
|
+
c
c
}
da J
t
D
} }
|
.
|

\
|
+
c
c
= da J
t
D
ds H . .
J
t
D
H +
c
c
= V
Conflict could be resolved by modifying
Amperes Law so that both electric
current and displacement current
generate the magnetic field:
Displacement Current
1
st
story
Displacement Current
2
nd
story
For a time dependent electric field, a
material medium would become polarized,
just as a dielectric does
- +
E
For a constant E field, each pair of charges
soon equilibrates as shown above
If the E field varies with time, then the
charge configurations are constantly in
motion displacement current
Maxwells Equations
While the capacitor is discharging, a current flows
The electric field between the plates of the capacitor is
decreasing as current flows
Maxwell said the changing electric field is equivalent to a
current
He called it the displacement current
Ampere-Maxwell Law

Amperes Law can be modified as follows to incorporate
the findings of Maxwell,
enc
i s d B
0
. =
}

dt
d
i s d B
E
enc
u
+ =
}
0 0 0
. c

Recall Amperes Law,

Ampere Extended
A magnetic field is
induced by an electric
current.

There is an electric flux
as well.
Changes create
magnetic fields

This implies that a
changing magnetic field
creates an electric field.
B field surrounds electric
field, although there is no
current flowing here
Electromagnetic Symmetry
Maxwell noted the symmetry between electric
and magnetic fields.

Changing magnetic fields create electric fields
Current and changing electric fields create
magnetic fields
Electric field lines originate from charges or form
closed loops
Magnetic field lines form closed loops

These are Maxwells Equations
Maxwells Equations
1. Maxwell was able to formulate an equation relating electric and
magnetic fields and the speed of light in empty space. Light
therefore is partly electric and partly magnetic by the expression:
2
1
) (
1
o o
c
c
=
2. The other outstanding feature
of the Maxwell equations is that
they are relativistically correct,
unlike the Newtonian equations,
and do not need to modify
regarding the notions of space,
time, and energy.
31