Chapter 2 The Internet and World Wide Web

Chapter 2 Objectives
Discuss how the Internet works Understand ways to access the Internet Identify a URL Know how to search for information on the Web Describe the types of Web pages Define Webcasting Describe the uses of electronic commerce (e-commerce) Identify the tools required for Web publishing
Explain how e-mail, FTP, newsgroups and message boards, mailing lists, chat rooms and instant messaging work

p. 2. 2

Recognize how Web pages use graphics, animation,audio, video, and virtual reality

Identify the rules of netiquette

The Internet
What is a network?

A collection of computers and devices connected together via communication devices and media Modems Cables Telephone lines Satellites

p. 2.2

The Internet
What is the Internet?

Also called the Net A worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals

p. 2.2

The Internet
What are some of the services found on the Internet? instant messaging
e-mail Web message board

chat
file transfer

p. 2.3 Fig. 2-1

History of the Internet

How did the Internet originate?
Goal: To allow scientists at different locations to share information and work together on military and scientific projects

ARPANET Networking project by Pentagons Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

Goal: To function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed

Became functional in September 1969

p. 2.3

History of the Internet

What is a host node?
Also called a hub Any computer that directly connects to a network Often stores and University of transfers data and California at messages Santa Barbara Provides network connections for other computers Four original nodes on ARPANET

University of California at Los Angeles Stanford Research Institute

University of Utah

p. 2.4

History of the Internet

How has this network grown?
Today
More than 100 million host nodes

1984 More than 1,000 host nodes

1969 Four host nodes

p. 2.4

History of the Internet

What is NSFnet?
The National Science Foundations network Five supercomputer centers Connected to ARPANET in 1986

NSFnet

ARPANET

The Internet
p. 2.4

History of the Internet

Who provides the structure for the Internet today?

Networks from corporations, commercial firms, and other companies

Telephone companies

Cable companies

Satellite companies
p. 2.4

Government

History of the Internet

Who controls the Internet?
The Internet is a public, cooperative, and independent network No single entity controls or owns the Internet Several organizations advise and define standards

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Internet2 (I2)

Internet-related research
and development project

Oversees research and

sets standards and guidelines
p. 2.4

Develops and tests

advanced Internet technologies

Technology Trailblazer
Tim Berners-Lee

Created the World Wide Web Director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at MIT

Click to view Web Link then click Tim Berners-Lee p. 2.4

How the Internet Works

What is an Internet Service Provider (ISP)?

A business that has a permanent Internet connection Provides temporary connections to individuals and companies for free or for a fee

Regional ISP Provides access to the Internet through one or more telephone numbers local to a specific geographic location National ISP Provides local telephone numbers in most major cities and towns nationwide May also provide a toll-free number

p. 2.5

How the Internet Works

What is a point of presence (POP)?

An access point on the Internet

Accessed by dialing a telephone number

p. 2.5

Select a service provider with at least one local POP telephone number

How the Internet Works

What are other service providers?
Online Service Provider (OSP)

Supplies Internet
access

Has many membersonly features that offer special content

Wireless Service Provider

Company that
provides wireless Internet access

Click to view Web Link then click Service Providers p. 2.5

Company on the Cutting Edge

America Online

Worlds leading online service provider Services include electronic mail, software, computer support services, Internet access Founded in 1985 by Stephen M. Case

Click to view Web Link then click AOL p. 2.6

How the Internet Works

What are ways to access the Internet?
1 Regional Internet Service 2 National Providers Internet POP Service 3 Online Providers Services POP Local POP 4 Wireless Online Internet Service Service (special members-only Provider
content) local call

2 1 3
local call

p. 2.5 Fig. 2-2

long-distance call

local call

toll-free call toll-free call

local call

How the Internet Works

How can you connect to the Internet?
High speed connection
Employees and students Computers part of a local area network (LAN) Connect to service provider through a high-speed
connection line leased from local telephone company

Dial-up access

Home or small business Computer , modem, regular telephone line Dial into an ISP or OSP

Newer high-speed technologies

Home and small business Digital subscriber line (DSL) provides connections over
p. 2.6

regular copper telephone line Cable modem- provides connection through cable television network

How the Internet Works

What are three parts of an Internet connection?
Server

Computer that
manages the resources on a network Provides a centralized storage area for resources such as programs and data Also called a host computer
Click to view Web Link then click Backbone p. 2.6

Backbone Inner structure

of the Internet Communications lines that carry the heaviest amount of traffic

Client

Computer that
can access the contents of the storage area on the server

How the Internet Works

1: You initiate an 2:
action to request A modem converts telephone line data from the the digital signals Internet. Data the computer from (request) travels through into analog signals, Data may pass to a telephone which are lines through one or local ISP. understood by The regional more routers ISP telephone lines. uses lines, leased before reaching its The national ISP from a telephone final destination. routes data across company, to from a send Data moves to the country data to aISP to a national national national another The ISP and ISP. server then local ISP. retrieves the to a a destination requested data and server. sends it back through the Internet backbone to your computer.

How might data travel the Internet using a connection? Step 3

Step 1 Step 2 Step 4
National ISP

Regional ISP

3:
4: 5: 6: 7: 8:

Step 5

Local ISP

Step 6
Internet backbone

Step 8 Step 7
National ISP

p. 2.7 Fig. 2-3

How the Internet Works

What is an Internet protocol (IP) address?

Number that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the Internet Four groups of numbers, each separated by a period Number in each group is between 0 and 255

IP address
first part identifies network
p. 2.8 Fig. 2-4

199.95.72.10
last part identifies specific computer

How the Internet Works

What is a domain name?
Text version of an IP address Components are separated by periods Each domain name represents one or more IP addresses

IP address Domain name

199.95.72.10 www.scsite.com
identifies top-level domain

p. 2.8 Fig. 2-4

How the Internet Works

What is a top-level domain (TLD) abbreviation? Identifies the type of organization associated with the domain Sometimes called dot com when TLD is com

p. 2.8 Fig. 2-5

How the Internet Works

What systems control domain names?
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Group that assigns and controls TLDs

Domain name system (DNS)

System on the Internet that stores the domain names and their corresponding IP addresses

DNS server

p. 2. 8

Translates the domain name into its associated IP address

The World Wide Web

What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?
Also known as the Web A worldwide collection of electronic documents Each document on the Web is called a Web page Can contain text, graphics, sound, and video Can contain built-in connections to other documents A Web site is a collection of related Web pages

p. 2.9

The World Wide Web

What is a Web browser?
Also called a browser Software program that allows you to access and view Web pages

Two popular browsers for personal computers Netscape Internet

Explorer

p. 2.9 Fig. 2-6

The World Wide Web

Step 1

How can you establish a connection and start the Web 1 Double-click browser? an Step 2
icon on the desktop, such as 2 Internet Explorer, If you are not connected to to start your the Internet browser.already, 3 Connection to the your computer Internet occurs attempts to and a home page establish a displays. Shown a connection with here is an AOL service provider. home page. Your If necessary, click home page may the Connect vary. button. Internet Explorer icon

p. 2.10 Fig. 2-7

Step 3

The World Wide Web

What is a home page?
Starting page for a browser Provides information about the sites purpose and content Some Web sites also refer to their starting page as a home page

p. 2.10

The World Wide Web

What is downloading?
The process of receiving information, such as a Web page, onto your computer from a server on the Internet

Can take from a few seconds to several minutes

p. 2. 11

You can speed up the display of pages by turning off the graphics and displaying only text in most Web browsers

The World Wide Web

How do Web-enabled handheld computers and devices access the Web?

Use a special type of browser designed for their small screens Microbrowser software program that accesses and displays Web pages that contain mostly text Also called a minibrowser

Microbrowser for a Web-enabled cellular telephone

p. 2.11 Fig. 2-8

Microbrowser for a Webenabled handheld computer

The World Wide Web

What is a hyperlink?
Also called a link Built-in connection to another related Web page or part of a a Web page Allows you to obtain information in a nonlinear way

p. 2.12

The World Wide Web

How can you identify a link?
Link can be a word, phrase, or image Text links usually are underlined or in a color different from the rest of the document A graphical link may change its appearance when you point to it The shape of the pointer on the screen changes to a small hand with a pointing index finger when you position it on a link or point to the link Click the link to activate it p. 2.12

The World Wide Web

How do you navigate a variety of links?
Some links display a different color Some links are when you point underlined. to them. Clickto Click the link Some links are the link the display to graphical display its associated images. Click associated Web site or the link to Web site or page. display its Web page. associated Web site or Web page.

pointer
p. 2.12 Fig. 2-9

The World Wide Web

What is surfing the Web?
Links can point to an item on the same Web page, a different Web page at the same Web site, or a separate Web page at a different Web site in another city or country The activity of jumping from one Web page to another is surfing

p. 2.12

The World Wide Web

What is a Uniform Resource Locator (URL)?

Unique address for a Web page Browser retrieves a Web page by using the URL Also called a Web address Type the URL into the address text box on the browser and press the Enter key to display a Web page

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/index.html

address text box

p. 2.13 Fig. 2-10

The World Wide Web

What are the parts of a URL?
protocol domain name path

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/index.html

Click to view Web Link then click URLs p. 2.13 Fig. 2-10

The World Wide Web

What is a Web server?
A computer that delivers (stores) Web pages you request The same Web server can store multiple Web sites

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/index.html

p. 2.13 Fig. 2-10

The World Wide Web

What is a search engine?

A software program you can use to find Web sites, Web pages and Internet files

Search text
A word or phrase entered in the search engines text box Also called keywords Spider A program that reads pages on Web sites in order to find Web pages that contain the search text Also called a crawler or bot

Click to view video p. 2.14

The World Wide Web

What is a hit?

Any Web page name that lists as the result of a search

363 hits

hit

p. 2.14 Fig. 2-11

The World Wide Web

What are some widely used search engines?

p. 2.15 Fig. 2-12

The World Wide Web

What is a directory?

An organized set of topics Used by a search engine to aid in locating Web sites Each major topic has related subtopics

p. 2.15 Fig. 2-13

The World Wide Web

What are the six basic types of Web pages?

advocacy Web page

business/marketing Web page

informational Web page

news Web page

portal Web page

personal Web page

p. 2.16

The World Wide Web

What is an advocacy Web page?

Contains content that describes a cause, opinion,or idea Purpose is to convince the reader of the validity of the cause, opinion, or idea

p. 2.16 Fig. 2-14a

The World Wide Web

What is a business/marketing Web page?

Contains content that promotes or sells products or services Often allow you to purchase products or services online

p. 2.16 Fig. 2-14b

The World Wide Web

What is an informational Web page?

Contains factual information

p. 2.16 Fig. 2-14c

The World Wide Web

What is a news Web page?

Contains newsworthy material Stories and articles relating to current events, life, money, sports, and the weather

p. 2.17 Fig. 2-14d

The World Wide Web

What is a portal Web page

Often called a portal Offers a variety of Internet services from a single, convenient location

p. 2.17 Fig. 2-14e

The World Wide Web

What services are often found on a portal?
search engine
local , national, and worldwide news free personal Web pages

e-mail
sports and weather instant messaging reference tools shopping malls and auctions chat rooms calendars newsgroups or message boards

p. 2. 17

The World Wide Web

What is a Web community?
A Web site that joins a specific group of people with similar interests or relationships Usually offer special services to facilitate communication among members

newsgroup or message board

p. 2.17

e-mail

online photo albums

chat room

The World Wide Web

What is a wireless portal?

A portal specifically designed for Web-enabled handheld computers and devices Attempt to provide all information a wireless user might require Services include search engines, news ,stock quotes, weather, maps, e-mail, calendar, instant messaging, and shopping

p. 2.17

Company on the Cutting Edge

Co-founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in 1994 Started as a series of lists to organize favorite Web sites Today more than 166 million visitors Click to view Web Link access 189 million then click Yahoo! pages daily p. 2.17

The World Wide Web

What is a personal Web page?

A Web page maintained by a private individual who normally is not associated with any organization Reasons: job hunting, sharing life experience with the world

p. 2.17 Fig. 2-14f

The World Wide Web

What is multimedia?
Any application that integrates text with other elements Often used for Web pages to add appeal Multimedia Web pages often require more time to download because they contain large graphics and video or audio clips

audio graphics
p. 2.18

animation virtual reality

video

The World Wide Web

What is a graphic?

Also called a graphical image A digital representation of information such as a drawing, chart, or photograph First media used to enhance textbased Internet

p. 2.18 Fig. 2-15

The World Wide Web

What are the formats for graphics files on the Web?

p. 2.18 Fig. 2-16

The World Wide Web

Which two formats are most popular for the Web?
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)

Also uses compression techniques to reduce file sizes Works best for images with only a few distinct colors, such as line drawings, single-color borders, and simple cartoons

p. 2.19

Graphical image that uses compression techniques to reduce the file size Smaller sizes result in faster downloading of Web page The more compressed the file, the smaller the file, but the lower the quality

The World Wide Web

What is a thumbnail?

A small version of a larger graphical image Used because graphics files can be time consuming to display Usually click thumbnail to display the fullsized image

p. 2.19 Fig. 2-17

The World Wide Web

What is animation?

p. 2.19

The appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in rapid sequence Can make Web pages more visually interesting or draw attention to important information or links Animated GIF uses computer animation and graphics software to combine several images into a single GIF file

The World Wide Web

What is a marquee?
Text that animates by scrolling across the screen Pronounced mar-KEE

* * * * add interest with animation

* * * *

p. 2.19

The World Wide Web

What is audio?
Music, speech, or any other sound Individual sound files that you download to your computer

music

speech

other sound

p. 2.20

Click icon to hear audio clip. Press the Esc key to cancel.

The World Wide Web

What is MP3?

Click to view video p. 2.20

A popular technology that compresses audio Reduces an audio file to about one-tenth of its original size while preserving the original quality of the sound MP3 file are easily copied from the Web Controversy with respect to copyright infringement

The World Wide Web

How can you play MP3 files?
Most current operating systems contain a program called a player plays audio in MP3 files on your computer Portable audio devices called MP3 players play MP3 files Click to view stored on CD or Web Link miniature storage then click MP3 p. 2.20 Fig. 2-18 media

plays music stored on CD

plays music stored on clik! disk

The World Wide Web

What is streaming audio?
Also called streaming sound Enables you to listen to the sound as it downloads Many radio and television stations use streaming audio to broadcast Two accepted standards Windows Media Player RealAudio a Click to view component of Web Link then click RealPlayer Streaming Media

p. 2.21 Fig. 2-19

The World Wide Web

What is video?
Consists of fullmotion images that are played back at various speeds Most video also has accompanying audio

p. 2.22 Fig. 2-20

video

The World Wide Web

What video formats are used on the Web?
MPEG standard (Moving Pictures Experts Group) Individual video files that you must download completely before you can play them on the computer Streaming video Allows you to view longer of live video images as hey download to your computer Two widely used standards RealVideo a
component of RealPlayer Windows Media Player

p. 2.22

The World Wide Web

What is a Web cam
Also called a cam A video camera whose output displays on a Web page Shows images that change regularly

Web cam
p. 2.22

The World Wide Web

What is virtual reality (VR)?

The use of computers to simulate a real or imaged environment that appears as a three-dimensional (3D) space VR world a 3D site that contains infinite space and depth Used for games as well as many practical applications

p. 2.22 Fig. 2-21

The World Wide Web

What is pull and push technology?
Pull Obtaining information by requesting it from a site Relies on a client to request a Web page from a server
ticker tape pushed to desktop from Microsoft Investor Web site
p. 2.23 Fig. 2-22

Push Server automatically downloads content to your computer at regular intervals

The World Wide Web

What is Webcasting?
Another name for push technology Delivers information at regular intervals without you having to request it Information can be viewed whether you are online or offline

ticker tape pushed to desktop from Microsoft Investor Web site

p. 2.23

Electronic Commerce
What is electronic commerce?

Also known as e-commerce A financial business transaction that occurs over an electronic network such as the Internet

p. 2.24 Fig. 2-23

Electronic Commerce
What are the three types of e-commerce?
Business to consumer (B-to-C or b2C) Sale of goods to the general public Consumer to consumer (C-to-C or C2C) One consumer sells directly to another

Business to business (B-to-B or B2B)

p. 2.25

Businesses providing goods and services to other businesses

Electronic Commerce
What are some features of e-commerce?

Electronic storefront The place where a customer

visits an online business

Shopping cart Allows the customer to

collect purchases

Online auction Site where you can bid on an

item being sold by someone else

Click to view Web Link then click e-Commerce p. 2.25

Technology Trailblazer
Masayoshi Son
Helped to bring Japan to the forefront of the digital age Founded Softbank Corporation in 1981

By 1995, Softbank controlled one-half of the personal computer software in Japan

Click to view Web Link then click Masayoshi Son p. 2.25

A leading member of Japans Prime Ministers IT Strategy Council

Web Publishing
Step 1 Step 2

What is Web Publishing?

The development and maintenance of Web pages

Step 4

Step 3

1 Plan: Think about issues that could affect the design of the 2 Analyze and Design: Sketch a Web site. design of the Web page on 3 paper. Create the Web site in Create: a software package such as 4 word processing. Deploy: Copy (upload) the Web site from your hard disk 5 to a Web server. revise your Maintain: Visit and Web site regularly to be sure it is working and current.
p. 2.26 Fig. 2-24

Step 5

Web Publishing
What is needed for creating Web page?

Also called Web page authoring

Hardware Digital camera Software to prepare HTML
Use a current word HTML (hypertext markup

Scanner
Sound card Microphone

processing program language)

format a file for use as a Web page

A set of special codes that

PC camera

p. 2.28

Created with either: Word processing package Web page authoring

software

Web Publishing
What is a plug-in?
An additional program that extends the capability of a browser Many plug-ins can be downloaded at no cost from the Web

Click to view Web Link then click Plug-ins p. 2.28 Fig. 2-25

Web Publishing
How do you deploy a Web site?
Locate a Web server to store your site Provided by many
ISPs and OSPs at no additional cost Provided by a Web hosting service for a monthly fee
Click to view Web Link then click Web Publishing p. 2.29

Upload, or copy, the site to the Web server

Web Publishing
What else might be needed to create a Web site?

Apply to an official registrar for a specific domain name

Register site with search engines Submission service:

a Web-based business that helps register your site

Webmaster
Click to view Web Link then click Submission Services p. 2.29

Individual responsible for maintaining a Web site and developing Web pages

Other Internet Services

What is e-mail?

Electronic mail The transmission of messages and files via a computer network Use an e-mail program to work with messages Messages can be simple text or include an attachment such as a graphical image or word processing document
create send forward store print delete

Click to view Web Link then click E-mail p. 2.31

receive

Other Internet Services

Step 1

How do you send an e-mail message?

1 Start an e-mail program and point to the New Mail 2 Click the New Mail Message button 3 Message button to display Enter the recipients e-mail Step 4 the Message window 4 address, the subject, and Click the Insert File button the message in the Message to attach a JPG file 5 window a picture to the When Sally containing receives the email message, she opens message. Locate the file on the JPG file to and the your hard disk view click its picture. name. An icon for the file displays. Click the Send button to send the message.

Step 2

Step 3

p. 2.30 Fig. 2-26

Step 5

Other Internet Services

What is an Internet e-mail address?

A combination of a user name and a domain name that identifies a user so he or she can receive Internet e-mail
at

user name or user-ID

A unique combination of characters that identifies you

domain name
Identifies the mail server

p. 2.31 Fig. 2-27

Other Internet Services

How can you get e-mail?

Most ISPs and OSPs provide an Internet e-mail program and a mailbox on a mail server as a standard part of their Internet access services Some Web sites provide e-mail services free of charge
address book mail server
The server that contains the mailboxes

Allows you to store a list of names and e-mail addresses

mailbox
Storage location usually residing on the computer that connects you to the Internet

p. 2.33

Other Internet Services

What is a POP server?
Post office protocol server When a message arrives at the recipients mail server, the message transfers to a POP or POP3 server POP server holds an email message until the recipient retrieves it with his other e-mail software POP3 is the newest p. 2.32 version

Other Internet Services

How does an e-mail message travel?
1 Using e-mail software, you create and send a 2 Your software contacts message. 3 software on your service Software on the mail providers mail server. 4 server determines the The mail server transfers best route for the data 5 the message to a POP3 When the recipient uses and sends the message, server.software to check e-mail which travels along for e-mail messages, the Internet routers to the message transfers from recipients mail server. the POP3 server to the recipients computer.
p. 2.32 Fig. 2-28

Step 1

Step 2 Step 5

mail server Internet routers

Step 4

Step 3

mail server

POP server

Other Internet Services

What is FTP?

File Transfer Protocol An Internet standard allows you to upload and download fines with other computers on the Internet

file download window

p. 2.33 Fig. 2-29

Other Internet Services

What are some FTP terms?
FTP server
A computer that allows users to upload and download files using FTP

FTP site
A collection of files that reside on an FTP server

anonymous FTP
Anyone can transfer some, if not all, available files

p. 2.33

Other Internet Services

What is a newsgroup?
An online area in which users conduct written discussions about a particular subject A user sends a message to the newsgroup Other users in the newsgroup read and reply to the message

Usenet
The entire collection of Internet newsgroups
p. 2.33

News server
A computer that stores and distributes newsgroup messages

Other Internet Services

What is a newsreader?

A program that enables you to access a newsgroup

article

A previously entered message

post
To add an article to a news group

thread
Also called threaded discussion
p. 2.33

The original article and all subsequent related replies

Other Internet Services

What is a message board?
A type of discussion group that dos not require a news reader Also called a discussion board

Click to view Web Link then click Message Boards p. 2.34 Fig. 2-30

Other Internet Services

What is a mailing list?
A group of e-mail names and addresses given to a single name When a message is sent to a mailing list, every person on the list receives a copy of the message Subscribe or unsubscribe to mailing list to add or remove your name from the mailing list p. 2.34 Fig. 2-31 Some are known as LISTSERVs

Other Internet Services

What is a chat?

A real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer Real-time means that you and the

people with whom you are conversing are online at the same time A chat room is a location on an Internet server that permits users to chat

Click to view Web Link then click Chat Rooms p. 2.35 Fig. 2-32

A chat client is a program on your computer that allows you to chat

Technology Trailblazer
Lavonne Luquis

Journalist Started LatinoLink, the first general interest Web magazine for Latinos Now known as Latino.com More that 280,000 visitors each month

Click to view Web Link then click Lavonne Luquis p. 2. Fig. 2-

Other Internet Services

What is instant messaging (IM)?

A real-time Internet communications service Notifies you when

one or more people are online Allows you to exchange messages or files or join a private chat with them

Click to view Web Link then click Instant Messaging p. 2.36 Fig. 2-33

Karens message immediately displays on Katys computer screen because she is online

message sent from Karen to Katy

Katys response to Karen

Other Internet Services

What is netiquette?
Internet etiquette Code of acceptable behaviors users should follow while on the Internet

Click to view video p. 2.37 Fig. 2-34

Netiquette
e-mail groups and Treat InRead the Rule: chat rooms: Golden FAQ (frequently asked questions) Use emoticonsor posting flames Avoid sending spam Keep messagesto express abbreviations brief others as youfor phrases emotion user name for your Use your such as Proper spellinginsulting Abusive junk mail Internet or and personal use them to would likeonly grammar BTW by the : )messages way Smile Be polite Unsolicited message sent to Do not assume material is treat Frown your information Do (many for FYI you. : not participate inat once recipients flame wars

accurate or up to date Avoid offensive language Indifference FWIW for what its worth : lExchanges of flames Never read someones private Do not use all capital letters which is the Undecided of SHOUTING! e-mail IMHO in my :\ equivalent humble opinion Clearly identify a spoiler TTFN ta ta for :o Surprised now Message that reveals a solution TYVM thank you very much to a game or ending to a movie or program

Summary of the Internet and World Wide Web

The Internet History of the Internet How the Internet works The World Wide Web Electronic commerce Web publishing Other Internet services Netiquette

Chapter 2 Complete