FUNCTION OF KIDNEY AND THE EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON ITS FUNCTION

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
Blood enter from afferent arteriole then through efferent arteriole. Diameter of afferent arteriole > efferent arteriole

Difference in diameter cause hydrostatic pressure to increase.

Filtrate: H2O,mineral salts,glucose,amino acid,acids,urea and nitrogenous waste product

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
hydrostatic pressure causes small molecule to squeeze out from the capillary into caspular space.

Filtrate: H2O,mineral salts,glucose,amino acid,acids,urea and nitrogenous waste product.

Big molecules :blood cells and platelets

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
The filtrate pass through 3 barrier
a)fenestrated endothelium of the capillary b)basement membrane c)filtration slits(podocytes)

FENESTRATED ENDOTHELIUM OF THE CAPILLARY

The 1st barrier. Honeycombed in shape. Large filtration pores. 70 nm to 90 nm in diameter. Blood plasma can still get through the pores. eg: albumin and dissolves solute but red blood cell cannot go through

BASEMENT MEMBRANE
2nd layer of the filter,the main barrier. Only water and solute that molecular mass <69000 can pass through Blood cells and plasma protein are filtered here. Some particles held back because of negative charge on the proteoglycans eg:albumin the mass is less than 6900 because it is negative charge its being repelled

FILTRATION SLITS(PODOCYTES)
Epithelial cell attach to surface of glomerular capillary. Shaped like octopus Little extension called pedicels that around the capillary Pedicels have negative charge Obstacle for large anion.

NET FILTRATION

NET FILTRATION
Net filtration prevent from further fluid loss Net filtration = 55 15- 30 =10mm Hg The blood hydrosatic pressure = 55 mm Hg colloid osmotic pressure =30 mm Hg capsular pressure = 15 mm Hg

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

Amount of filtration formed per minute by 2 kidney combined Total rate of glomerular filtration rate about the whole body Used to check how well the kidney is working 1 mm Hg net filtration produce 12.5 ml filtrate per minute 12.5 ml = filtration coefficient (Kf)

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

GFR= NFP X Kf =10 X 12.5 = 125 mL/min An average adult reabsorbs 99% of the filtrate Excrete 1 to 2 L of urine per day.

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

REABSORPTION
Na+ - K+ pump(primary active transport) Na+ - H+ antiport Na+ - glucose symport(secondary active transport) Water reabsorption : a)paracellular pathway - aquaporine b)transcellular pathway - osmosis at tight junction,solvent drag eg of dissolve solute : urea,uric acid, Na+, K+

Loop of Henle

Differences of structures of loop of henle

DLH Cell lining Mitochondria Very thin endothelial-like cells Few THIN ALH Like DLH Few THICK ALH Tall epithelium with numerous microvilli Numerous

Active transport

Absent

Absent

1.At Basolateral border: Rich with Na2+-K pump

2.At Apical border: Has a transporter protein for Na,k,Cl

Permeability 1.To water

Highly permeable

Impermeabl e

Impermeable (fluid leaving ALH is hypotonic)

2.To solutes

Non-permeable

Permeable

Highly-permeable

15% H2O

25% Na+ 30% Ca2+ 10% K+

65% Mg2+

NaCl Urea

SEGMENT

METHOD OF TRANSPORT

DLH H2O
Thin ALH 1.NaCl reabsorption 2.Urea secretion

Passive diffusion

Active transport (Na+ -K+ --2Cl= co-transporter) Passive diffusion, secreted from Peritubular Capillaries(PTC)

Thick ALH 1.Na+ , K+ , 2Cl= 2.Mg2+ 3.Ca2+

Active transport (Na+ -K+ --2Cl= co-transporter) Secondary to Na reabsorption Paracellularroute, secondary to Na and H20 reabsorption

Overall functions of Loop of Henle

1. Reabsorption of 15%of filtered load of H2O by DLH 2. Reabsorption of about:
25% of filtered load of Na+ i.e. about 2/3 of amount of Na+ delivered from PT by ALH (6000 from 9000 meq/day). 30% of filtered Ca2+ 65% of Mg2+ 10% of K+

3. Secretion of urea (i.e. adds urea from interstitium to lumen of LH) 4. Helps dilution of fluid delivered to DT (to 150:200 mOsm/L) 5. Has a fundamental role in counter-current multiplier system

1.DLH is only water-permeable => osmolarity of the Medullary interstitium => Allows H20 reabsorption in the medullary interstitium => Gradual in osmolarity of fluid flowing in DLH.
2.Thin ALH is only solute-permeable => Allows NaCl reabsorption passively into medullary interstitium.

Role of Loop of Henle in Counter Current Multiplier system

Role of Loop Of Henle in urea recycling?

1.Mechanism of action Urea in inner medullar inner medullary interstitium DLH and Thin ALH Thick ALH DCT Connecting Tubules CCD MCD PCD Interstitium again and so on.. 2.Significance? 1. Entrap urea (toxic waste) from the interstitium of inner medulla to be secreted out in the urine . 2. Augmentation of its concentration in the inner medulla recycled excreted!!

DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

 Functions:
reabsorb most of the ions: sodium, potassium, chloride Impermeable to H2O and urea (diluting segment) 5% filtered load of sodium chloride reabsorb in early distal tubule

Late distal tubule and cortial collecting tubule

Consist of two distinct cell type
Principal cells Intercalated cells

Principal cell reabsorb sodium and water from the lumen

Secrete potassium ions into the lumen

 Intercalated cell reabsorb potassium ions

Secrete hydrogen ions into tubular lumen

Collecting duct

Collecting Tubule
Cortical Portion
Outer Medullary Portion

Permeability
H2O 3+*
3+*

Urea 0
0

NaCl

Active Transport of Na+ or Cl2+

1+

Inner Medullary Portion

3+*

3+

1+

Data base on studies of rabbit and human kidney. Asterisk (*), in present of vasopressin. Value is 1+ in absence of vasopressin.

Alterations in water metabolism produced by vasopressin in human. In each case, the osmoticUrine Loss or load Gain of GFR of 24-Hour Concenwater excreted is %700mOsm/d. Excessin (mL/min) filtered H O Urine tration of
2

Reabsorbed Urine isotonic to plasma Vasopressin (maximal antidiuresis) No vasopressin (complete diabetes insipidus) 125 125 98.7 99.7

volume 2.4 0.5

(mOsm/L) 290 1400

solute (L/d) 1.9 gain

125

87.1

23.3

30

20.9 loss

KIDNEY AND POLLUTION

Kidney Diseases Caused By Environmental Pollution

Introduction
Environment : Physical, chemical and biological conditions of the region which organisms lives Pollution : Undesirable change in the characteristics of the natural environment brought by mans activities

Physical

Factors

Biological

Chemical

Physical Radiation
Heat Electric

Chemical Heavy metals

Hydrocarbons

Biological
Bacterial Parasitic
Viral Fungi

Why Kidney?
1) Principal excretory organ 2) Large surface area of endothelial contact with toxins 3) High renal blood flow

Renal (Kidney) Diseases

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) Tubular Interstitial Nephritis (TIN) Glomerularnephritis (GN)

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

Occur because the selective accumulation of metals in the proximal tubule When the appropriate oxidative form is present in sufficient quantity the metals induce irreversible cellular injury

Tubular Interstitial Nephritis (TIN)

When recovery of ATN is incomplete Chronic tubular interstitial nephritis (TIN) may persist as a residual

Glomerularnephritis (GN)
Caused by heavy metals eg:mercury Autoimmune response been found out after exposure to: gold, silver, cadmium and solvents Immune glomerular diseases has not been identified as a result of occupational exposure to these metals

Heavy Metals
Lead Cadmium Mercury arsenic Chromium Therapeutic forms of gold, bismuth, platinum and iodine

Lead Nephrotoxicity
Exposed by: 1) Occupational : metal smelt workers, storage battery workers, pottery makers and ship builders 1) Household : lead-glazed pottery

Radioactive Injury
Exposure : 1. Medical : staff or public may be affected by malfunction or during repair of machinery in radiotherapy department

1. Industrial and military : atomic weapon testing

Infective (environmental) Risk Factors

Agent Parasitic Examples Malaria, Schistosoma and Hydatid disease TB Viral hepatitis and HIV Ochratoxins and aflatoxins

Bacterial Viral Fungal