(c) offences related to criminal gang activities, (d) the criminal confiscation of the proceeds of unlawful activities, (e) civil forfeiture of the proceeds of unlawful activities or instrumentality of an offence.
1. RACKETEERING
pattern of racketeering activity means the planned, ongoing, continuous or repeated participation or involvement in any offence referred to in Schedule 1 and includes at least two offences referred to in Schedule 1, of which one of the offences occurred after the commencement of this Act and the last offence occurred within 10 years (excluding any period of imprisonment) after the commission of such prior offence referred to in Schedule 1
3 common elements:
1. There must be an enterprise.
enterprise includes any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other juristic person or legal entity, and any union or group of individuals associated in fact, although not a juristic person or legal entity. Eyssen v S (746/2007) [2008] ZASCA 97 (17 September 2008)
2. The accused must have participated, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of this enterprises affairs. 3. . There must be a pattern of racketeering activity, as defined.
pattern of criminal gang activity includes the commission of two or more criminal offences referred to in Schedule 1: Provided that at least one of those offences occurred after the Commencement date of Chapter 4 and the last of those offences occurred within three years after a prior offence and the offences were committed (i) on separate occasions; or (ii) on the same occasion, by two or more persons who are members of, or belong to, the same criminal gang.
S.11: factors court may take into acct when considering whether person is a member of a criminal gang:
a) b)
c)
d)
e)
admits to criminal gang membership; is identified as a member of a criminal gang by a parent or guardian; resides in or frequents a particular criminal gangs area and adopts their style of dress, their use of hand signs, language or their tattoos, and associates with known members of a criminal gang; has been arrested more than once in the company of identified members of a criminal gang for offences which are consistent with usual criminal gang activities; is identified as a member of a criminal gang by physical evidence such as photographs or other documentation.
3. MONEY LAUNDERING
= S.4 of POCA & s.1 of The Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 of 2001 (FICA)
Money Laundering
3 steps in the process: 1. Placement 2. Layering 3. Integration
POCA Section 5:
It is an offence to Assist another to benefit from proceeds of unlawful activities if the person knows or ought reasonably to have known that another person has obtained the proceeds of unlawful activities.
POCA Section 6:
It is an offence to Acquire, Use or Possess property where a person knows or ought reasonably to have known that it is or forms part of the proceeds of unlawful activities of another person.