Renewable Energy in India

ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM

1)PRIMARY ENERGY 2)ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITY 3)SECONDARY ENERGY 4)TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM 5)FINAL ENERGY 6)ENERGY UTILISATION EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS 7)USEFUL ENERGY 8)END USE ACTIVITIES

ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM

1)PRIMARY ENERGY 2)ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITY 3)SECONDARY ENERGY 4)TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM 5)FINAL ENERGY 6)ENERGY UTILISATION EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS 7)USEFUL ENERGY 8)END USE ACTIVITIES

India- Primary Commercial Energy Hydro 2.4% Coal 51.7% Oil 9.8% Oil Import 24.9% Nat gas 9.1% Wind 0.2% Nuclear 1%

Characteristics of Renewables
1)Large, Inexhaustible source -Solar energy intercepted by earth 1.8*10 11 MW 2)Clean Source of Energy 3)Dilute Source - Even in best regions 1kW/m2 and the total daily flux available is 7 kWh/m2 4)Large Collection Areas, high costs 5)Availability varies with time 6 ) 6)Need for Storage, Additional Cost

Applications
Power Generation C ooking H eating-Water Heating, Space Heating T ransportation R efrigeration and Air Conditioning D istillation D ryingPower Gener

Renewable Power Generation

Wind Power
5000 MW installed Single machine upto 2.1 MW Average capacity factor 14% C apital cost Rs 4-5crores/MW, Rs 2-3/kWh (cost effective if site CF >20%) I ndia 45000 /13000 MW potential estimated 32%/ year (5 year growth rate)

Hydro Power
Classification - Capacity -Micro less than 100 kW Mini 100 kW - 3 MW Small 3 MW - 15 MW Micro and Mini - usually isolated, Small grid connected Heads as low as 3 m viable Capital Cost Rs 5-6crores/MW , Rs 1.50-2.50/kWh 1846 MW (7%/year)

Biomass Power
1)Higher Capacity factors than other renewables 2)Fuelwood, agricultural residues, animal waste 3)Atmospheric gasification with dual fuel engine 4)500 kW gasifier - largest installation 5)Combustion 5-7.5 MW Rs 2.50-4/kWh

Solar power
Solar PV 1)India -2740 kW Grid connected systems (25-239 kW) 2)Array efficiency in field 12-15% 3) Cost Rs 26cr/MW Rs 15-20 /kWh

Conclusions
1)Modern Renewables low share, high potential 2)Solar Thermal for low grade heat almost cost effective, Biomass thermal applications Wind, Small Hydro power cost effective 3)Most renewables subsidised, policy support 4)Growth rates in renewables high 20-25% per year.

Can the growth sustain? Will capital cost reductions occur? Market penetration Strategies? Mainstreaming of renewables

References
-World Energy Assessment Energy & the Challenge of Sustainability,UNDP, 2000, -Annson,Energy After RioProspects and Challenges-,UNDP, 1997, New York. -MNES Annual Report, 2005-2006, March 2006 - Integrated Energy Policy Report, Planning Commission, 2006 -Martinot, REN 21 Renewables 2005 Global Status Report, Washington DC and Global Update - Parikh, P. P., Biomass Gasifier Based Thermal Application