Anatomy and Physiology

External Features and Bones

Basic Anatomy Terminology

1. 2. 3.

4.
5. 6. 7.

Cheek- fleshy side of the face Dewlap- loose skin under the chin Elbow- upper joint of the front leg Flank- fleshy part of the side Foot pad- part that the animal walks on Forearm- front limb just below the elbow Guard hair- longer course hair above the shorter under fur (protection)

Basic Anatomy Terminology

8.
9.

10. 11.

Hock- tarsal joint halfway up the hind limb Lion- fleshy part of the side under the spinal column Muzzle- projecting jaw (nose and mouth) Nose pad

Tip of the nose Used for investigating food and unfamiliar objects Called the nose leather in cats

Basic Anatomy Terminology

12.
13.

14.
15. 16.

Rump- upper rounded part of the hindquarter Shoulder- above the elbow of the fore leg Stifle- joint above the hock Thigh- area between the rump and hock Whiskers- long hairs growing near the mouth

Basic Anatomy Terminology- Birds

1.
2. 3. 4. 5.

Crown

top of the head feathers covering the ears upper or lower segment of the bill

Ear covert Mandible Nape

back of the neck

ring around the eye

Orbital ring

Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles

1.

Brille

transparent layer covering eyes Eyelid for snakes

2.

Fins

Web of skin supported with bone or cartilage rods Enables fish to move through water

Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles

3.

Gills

Major organ of the respiratory system Breath without lungs Modified portion of the epidermal layer Provides protection Epidermal scales found on turtles

4.

Scales

5.

Scutes

Skeletal System
Axial

skeleton
column

vertebral

Ribs
Sternum

skull

Dog Skeleton

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/000f09ca.gif

Dog Skeleton

http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/tcolvill/135/images/S23.GIF

Skeletal System
Pectoral
front

limb

limbs

shoulders,

legs and feet scapula (shoulder blade) humerus (arm) radius and ulna (forearm) carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (toes)

http://www.uoguelph.ca/~mammals/CatSkeleton.jpg

http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zoo.225/Catskeleton.jpeg

Skeletal System
Pelvic
rear

limb
legs and pelvic bones

hooks pin

bones femur (upper leg bone) tibia and fibula (lower leg bones) Tarsals (hocks) Metatarsals (feet) Phalanges (toes)

Rabbit Skeleton

http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/foods/458-878/rabbit.gif

Rabbit Skeleton

http://www.avte.net/AVTE2003/contents/anatomy/lab%20animal/rabbit_skeleton.jpg

Skeletal System-Birds
Have

some unique bones unlike mammals

Most

have a skull bone that elongates toward the front of the head Some have a skull with an upper beak fused to it while other birds have hinges on both upper and lower mandibles giving it more flexibility

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Skeleton.shtml

Major organs and systems

Heart
major

organ in the circulatory system 3 muscle layers

Circulatory System

Myocardium
second

layer muscle that makes up the thickness of the heart layer inside myocardium

Endocardium
thin

Epicardium
thin

cover over the myocardium

Other parts of the circulatory system are the arteries, capillaries, veins and blood

Layers of the Heart

Heart

Circulatory System

Other parts of the circulatory system are

Arteries Capillaries Veins Blood

Circulatory System- Functions

Transports
nutrients metabolic oxygen

waste

Protects

against microbes and

injury

Kidneys and Bladder

Part

of the excretory system

rids the body of waste maintain chemical composition volume of blood regulates tissue fluid

Stomach and Intestines

Major

part of digestive system

breaks

food down into smaller pieces to be used by the body

Nutrients

are gleaned from these food materials

Lungs
Part

of the respiratory system

oxygen

is taken in by the nose, passed on to the lungs and then goes into the blood

Nervous System

Brains, spinal cord, and nerves

Coordinator

of all body activities Regulates other systems Controls memory and learning

Reproductive system
Ovaries
Egg

and testes

Sperm

Help

produce new individuals of the same species

Muscular System
Muscles
Movement

Posture
Support Produces

heat

Small Animal Nutrition

Nutrition
Nutrient-

single group of foods of the same general chemical composition that supports animal life There are six basic nutrient

Water
More

important nutrient than any other nutrient makes up 55-65% of an animals body

Water
Aides

in digestion Transports nutrients Regulates body temperature Carries waste from the body Supports respiration

Proteins
Complex

nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Develop and repairing body organs and tissues
muscles,

nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers

Proteins
Production

of milk, wool, and eggs Reproduction process of the developing fetus Developing the young Transmitting DNA

Carbohydrates
Converting of food into energy Made up of chemical elements

Carbon

Hydrogen
Oxygen

Supports breathing and digesting

Carbohydrates
Production of heat for body warmth Stores fat Types of carbohydrates

Sugars
Starch fiber

Fats
Chemical
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

elements of

Same

elements as carbohydrates but different combinations

Fats
Fats
A,

contain 2.25 times more energy Aid in absorbing fat-soluble vitamins

D, E and K
Provides

the essential fatty acids needed in an animals diet

Vitamins
Organic
A,B,

substances needed for specific biochemical reactions

C, D, E and K

Needed

in small amounts

Vitamins
Regulation
Digestive

of body glands

system Absorption Metabolism

The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized.

Minerals
Supply

the material for building the skeleton and producing regulators such as enzymes and hormones Divided into 2 groups
Macro
Micro

Macro vs. Micro

Macro
Seven

major minerals needed in largest quantity and most likely lacking in the ration

Micro
Nine

trace minerals needed in small amounts

Macro-minerals
Phosphorus
Calcium
Potassium Sodium

and chlorine

Sulfur Magnesium

Micro-minerals
Iron
Iodine Copper Cobalt Manganese

Zinc
Molybdenum Selenium Fluorine

Nutrient Deficiencies

Nutrition
Process

by which an animal receives and balanced food and water ration

Grow Maintain its body Reproduce Perform

Nutrient
substance

that is necessary for an organism to live and grow

Nutrient Deficiencies

Slow growth

(common of all nutrients)

Water deficiency
Overheating slowdown in

normal body functions occurs

Carbohydrates
lack of energy Lack of normal body loss of body heat

functions

Nutrient Deficiencies

Proteins
Normal

growth development and repairing of body organs ex: muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers suffers Protein deficiency may result

Anorexia Anemia Edema Slow growth rate Low birth weight of young Lower milk production Decreased feed efficiency

Nutrient Deficiencies
Fats
Provides

energy aids in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins
various

body functions will suffer when vitamins are lacking Depends on the vitamins in question

Nutrient Deficiencies
Mineral
low

deficiency

rate of gains poor feed efficiency decreased reproduction decrease in milk, meat, eggs, and wool production

Nutrition and Digestion of Small Animals

Ruminants
Considered
Ruminants

as forage consuming

have one stomach with multiple compartments

Food

is acted on by millions of bacteria and microorganisms

Transform
essential

low-quality protein and nitrogen compounds

amino acids

http://www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/Classes/ASC106/media/RUMEN.GIF

Four compartments
Rumen
largest
aids

compartment contains bacteria & microorganisms

in the digestive process

Rumen Papillae

http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curric ulum/VM8054/Labs/Lab21/IMAGES/ru men%20copy.jpg

Reticulum
Second
aides

compartment

in the formation of cud for regurgitation

Also

known as the hardware stomach because it collects nails or pieces of wire

Reticulum

http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/ilm/outreach/necropsy/images/reticulum1.jpg

Reticulum

http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/retic.jpg

Omasum
Third

compartment

removes

water from food Looks like the folds of a book

Omasum

http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/gut_photos/m ammal_digestive_photos.htm

Abomasum
Fourth compartment Referred to as the true stomach

Breaks

down food material muscular movement secretes digestive juices

The material then passes into the small intestine

http://www.yourdictionary.com/images/ahd/jpg/A4abomas.jpg

Non-Ruminants
Single-stomached
Mono-gastric
includes
Cats Dogs

all of the small animals

Rabbits
Birds

Rabbits
Non-ruminant
Consumes

herbivores

large amounts of

roughage Large cecum and colon between the small and large intestines
contains

bacteria

Rabbit Digestive System

http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/gut_photos/mammal_digestive_photos.htm

Rabbits
Rabbits

eat undigested feces

occurs late night or early

Coprophagy

Usually

morning Makes use of undigested material so they can make full use of bacteria in cecum

Birds
Lack

teeth
is added to aid in swallowing
little breakdown in the mouth

Saliva
Very

Gizzard
Largest

digestive organ Grinds and crushes

Digestive System- Bird

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/bird_anatomy.jpg

Digestive Process of Non-Ruminants

Food is broken down in mouth (except birds) Passes to the stomach Small Intestine

Primary

site of absorption

Large Intestine
Absorption

of Water Addition of mucus

Fish Digestive System

Systems
Type

vary

of feed determines teeth

Some

fish swallow their prey whole while others chew it up

Fish digestive system

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/Grzimek_fish/structure_function/digestive_system.jpg/medium.jpg

Nutrient Use
Maintenance
keeping

constant no gain or loss of weight usually high in carbohydrates and fats

Growth
increase

in body size rations high in energy and protein

Nutrient Use
Reproduction
failures

are a major result from poor nutrition Contains a large amount of protein, minerals, and vitamins Improper nutrition can affect conception rates and breeding ability

Reproduction
Babies

that are underweight at birth, or which become an aborted fetus are often the result of improper nutrition to female during gestation

Nutrient Use
Lactation
time

during which females are producing milk Requires the proper nutrients to have large milk production

Lactation
Diet

high in protein, calcium, and phosphorus. The same nutrients contained in the milk are the same needed by a lactating female

Nutrient Use
Work

and activity

Increased

amounts of fats and carbohydrates are needed in a working diet to supply the extra energy needed Hunting dogs need special diets because they require energy to chase after game

Feeding Terminology

Diet
Feed

and water that an animal uses

Amount and type of feedstuff is based upon:

Animal

Needs Kind of and amounts of nutrients contained in feed

Palatability- digestible and appeals to the animal

A

good nutritious feed is only good if it is eaten

Feeding Terminology
Feed

classifications
(or forages)
up of leaves and the plants tender

Roughages
made

stems

Feeding Terminology
Concentrates
recommended

for small animals as a regular part of their diet High energy

Corn,

wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, oats

High

protein

Soybean meal, cottonseed oil meal, sunflower meal

Feeding Terminology
Supplements
contains

a specific nutrient

Ration
feed

that contains the right amount and proportion of nutrients

Specific Diets
Dogs

and Cats Commercial feed is the best

Puppies

need diet higher in protein than adults and food intake is regulated by activity Cats need 2X the protein of dogs
10%

of their diet should be fat

Rabbits
Pellet

type of commercial feed is

best Avoid feeding leafy green vegetables

Pocket Pets
Best

to use pellet type commercial feed If mixing ration; should have a wide range of food

Pocket Pets
Gerbils
Little

green food in diet

Rats
can

have dog food substituted

Ferrets

can eat cat food

Pocket Pets
Mice

will not overeat

Guinea
need

pigs

solid food to dull their teeth and a certain amount of Vitamin C

Amphibians & Reptiles

Prefer
eat

to eat animals if large enough

pellets of rabbit, dog, or cat food

Tadpoles Turtles
Pieces

of liver Strawberries and other fruits

Amphibians & Reptiles

Snakes
Full

(in captivity)

grown can learn to eat canned dog Variety of insects Baby rodents Frogs and toads
Lizards
Most

eat insects

Birds
Diet

mostly consists of seeds Including cereal seeds and oil seeds Fruit and nectar birds
eat

oranges Grapes apple slices

Fish

Diet is affected by water temperature

Higher

temperature

Increased food intake

Variety of food should be given to decrease boredom

Fish
Amount fish is fed should be amount it can eat in a few minutes to avoid contaminating water Smaller fish

Flaked

food

Larger Fish
Shrimp Krill Plankton

Small Animal Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

Two parents are required

Natural

Insemination

Male

Spermatozoa or male sex cell

Egg or ovum (female sex cell)

Female

Trout Spermatozoa

http://www.rennes.inra.fr/scribe/images/spermato.jpg

Sexual Terminology

Conception
Creation

of new life by fertilization

Union of egg and sperm

Estrus
Heat

period Female is receptive to breeding Stand for mating

Estrus- Stand for mating

http://www.clas.ufl.edu/jur/199912/images/balaguer_4.jpg

Sexual Terminology

Gestation
Period

of pregnancy Begins at conception ends at parturition

Ovulation
Release

of egg of giving birth

Parturition
Process

Female Reproductive Anatomy

Ovary
Primary

reproductive organ Produces the female gamete (egg)

Embryo
Developing Mammals

young

Enters uterus after 3-5 days

Female Reproductive Anatomy

Uterus
Place

of embryo growth and development

Cervix
Part

of uterus that contains rings Cervical mucus

Seals uterus during pregnancy

Female Reproductive Anatomy

Vagina
Reproductive Urine

passageway

excretio opening of reproductive tract

Vulva
External

Male Reproductive Anatomy

Testicle
Primary

organ Produces male gametes Externally held in scrotum

Controls temperature

Sheath
Fold

of skin Protective covering

Gestation

Time from conception to parturition (birth)

Varies

for each species size of breast and abdomen and

General Characteristics
Increase

appetite Restlessness

End of gestation

End of Gestation

Pocket pets and rabbits

Nesting

box should be provided

Wood shavings Straw Paper

Dogs and cats

Birthing

box

One to three weeks prior Helps them to get comfortable with the setting

Gestation Period
Species

Cats Dogs Rabbits Hamsters Gerbils Rats Mice Guinea Pig Ferrets

Period (days) 51-65 (7-9 weeks) 56-70 (9-10 weeks) 28-32 (4-4.5 weeks) 30-32 16 21-24 21-24 56-74 42