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Welcome to Microbiology 1

For Today
Introduction to the course Explore the history and foundation of microbiology Dimensional Analysis

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

What is Microbiology?

Microbes, or microorganisms are minute living things that are usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye. What are some examples of microbes?
Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses are examples! Some are pathogenic Germ refers to a rapidly growing cell.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

What is Microbiology?

Microbes:
Decompose organic waste Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and acetone Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

What is Microbiology?

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

What is Microbiology?

Knowledge of Microbes allows humans to


Prevent food spoilage Prevent disease occurrence

Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

Ancestors of bacteria were the first life on Earth.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

The first microbes were observed in 1673. In 1665, Robert Hooke (Englishman) reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

1673-1723, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

Many believed spontaneous generation: life can arise from non-living matter In 1668, the Italian physician Francesco Redi performed an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation.

Can you think of an experiment that could disprove spontaneous generation?

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

Redi filled six jars with decaying meat. Conditions 3 jars covered with fine net 3 open jars Results No maggots

Maggots appeared

From where did the maggots come? What was the purpose of the sealed jars? Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

Rudolf Virchow (German) presented biogenesis: living cells can arise only from preexisting cells.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

So now there are two hypotheses: The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called spontaneous generation. According to spontaneous generation, a vital force Forms life. The Alternative hypothesis, that the living organisms arise from preexisting life, is called biogenesis.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air. Conditions Results Nutrient broth placed Microbial growth in flask, heated, not sealed Nutrient broth placed No microbial growth in flask, heated, then sealed Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

Next experiment, Pasteurs S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in. These experiments form the basis of aseptic technique

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

The Golden Age of Microbiology 1857-1914


Beginning with Pasteurs work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation. Fermentation is the conversation of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine. Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food. Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid).

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. This application of a high heat for a short time is called pasteurization.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

The Germ Theory of Disease 1835: Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus. 1865: Pasteur believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan. 1840s: Ignaz Semmelwise advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

The Germ Theory of Disease 1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections after looking at Pasteurs work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

The Germ Theory of Disease 1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Kochs postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease. Koch was a physician and Pasteurs young rival

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

Koch's Postulates are used to prove the cause of an infectious disease.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

Koch's Postulates are a sequence of experimental steps to relate a specific microbe to a specific disease.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

A young milkmaid informed the physician Edward Jenner that she could not get smallpox because she had already been sick from cowpox. 1796: Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox. Called vaccination from vacca for cow

The protection is called immunity

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

What can you say about the cowpox and smallpox viruses?

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

Vaccinations

produced from avirulent microbial strains


produced from live viruses produced from viral particles

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

Chemotherapy treatment with chemicals Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes. Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

Chemotherapy treatment with chemicals 1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis. 1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

History of Microbiology

1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic. He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus. 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Modern Developments

Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. Mycology is the study of fungi. Parasitology is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms. Recent advances in genomics, the study of an organisms genes, have provided new tools for classifying microorganisms.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Classification of Microbes

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms


Provides universal names for organisms Provides a reference for identifying organisms

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Classification of Microbes

Taxonomy
Systematics or phylogeny The study of the evolutionary history of organisms All Species Inventory (2001-2025) To identify all species of life on Earth

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Classification of Microbes

Taxonomic Hierarchy Domain Kingdom Phylum

Class
Order Family Genus Species

Dumb Kings Play Chess On Funny Green Squares

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Classification of Microbes

Taxonomic Hierarchy Domain Kingdom Phylum Binomal Nomenclature uses the Genus and Species name to identify each creature.

Class
Order Family Genus Species

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Classification of Microbes

Taxonomic Hierarchy Each name is Latinized

There is a specific way to write each name.


Homo sapiens
The first word is capitalized

Name is in italics
Homo sapiens H. sapiens

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Bacteria (or Eubacteria)


Most abundant on earth They are nitrogen fixers and recycle carbon No membrane bound organelles

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Archaea
Methanogens Halophiles Hyperthermophiles

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Classification of Microbes

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Classification of Microbes

Eukaryotic species:

A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves


Prokaryotic species:

A population of cells with similar characteristics


Clone: Population of cells derived from a single cell Strain: Genetically different cells within a clone

Viral species:
Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Classification of Microbes

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Classification of Microbes

Lets examine some microbes


Paramecium caudatum

Euglena acus
Peridiniumis - a dinoflagellate

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Microbes and Human Disease

Bacteria were once classified as plants which gave rise to use of the term flora for microbes. This term has been replaced by microbiota. Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called normal microbiota.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Microbes and Human Disease

Normal microbiota prevent growth of pathogens. Normal microbiota produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K.

Resistance is the ability of the body to ward off disease.


Resistance factors include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals.

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Microbes and Human Disease

When a pathogen overcomes the hosts resistance, disease results. Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID): New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

Major Taxonomic Groups of Bacteria per Bergeys manual


Gracilicutes gram-negative cell walls, thinskinned Firmicutes gram-positive cell walls, thick skinned Tenericutes lack a cell wall & are soft Mendosicutes archaea, primitive procaryotes with unusual cell walls & nutritional habits

species a collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly strain or variety a culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars) type a subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and in pathogenicity (pathotype).

species a collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly strain or variety a culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars) type a subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and in pathogenicity (pathotype).

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