Anda di halaman 1dari 15

Telecommunication and technology

Lecturer 4

FM (Frequency Modulation )
In telecommunications, frequency modulation (FM) conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency (contrast this with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier is varied while its frequency remains constant).

FM
In analog applications, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. Digital data can be sent by shifting the carrier's frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency-shift keying.

FM
FM is commonly used at VHF radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music and speech. Normal (analog) TV sound is also broadcast using FM

FM

FM

PM (Phase Modulation)
Phase modulation (PM) is a form of modulation that represents information as variations in the instantaneous phase of a carrier wave. Unlike its more popular counterpart, frequency modulation (FM), PM is not very widely used. This is because it tends to require more complex receiving hardware and there can be ambiguity problems with determining whether, for example, the signal has 0 phase or 180 phase.

PM
Suppose that the signal to be sent, the modulating signal with frequency m and phase m, is
and the carrier onto which the signal is to be modulated is

PM
Then the modulated signal,

For small amplitude signals


PM is similar to amplitude modulation (AM) and exhibits its unfortunate doubling of baseband bandwidth and poor efficiency.

PM
For small amplitude signals, PM is similar to amplitude modulation (AM) and exhibits its unfortunate doubling of baseband bandwidth and poor efficiency.

PM
For a single large sinusoidal signal, PM is similar to FM, and its bandwidth is approximately

where fM = m / 2 and h is the modulation index defined below. This is also known as Carson's Rule for PM.

PM

QAM
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a modulation scheme which conveys data by changing (modulating) the amplitude of two carrier waves. These two waves, usually sinusoids, are out of phase with each other by 90 and are thus called quadrature carriers

QAM
Phase modulation (analog PM) and phase-shift keying (digital PSK) can be regarded as a special case of QAM, where the magnitude of the modulating signal is constant, with only the phase varying. This can also be extended to frequency modulation (FM) and frequency-shift keying (FSK), for these can be regarded a special case of phase modulation

Anda mungkin juga menyukai