General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) : Petteri Lappalainen 23.11.1998 IP Tech School Seminar Presentation

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Petteri Lappalainen 23.11.1998 IP Tech School Seminar Presentation

Based on the material by Tuomas Niemel (-97), Hannu H. Kari (-98) and ETSI
NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS
IP TECH SCHOOL seminar / 23.11.1998 / slide 1
Wireless roadmap
Contents
1. Introduction to GPRS What is GPRS ? GPRS characteristics Applications 2. GPRS architecture Network elements 3. GPRS Operations Radio interface resource reservation Security operations Connecting to GPRS Data transfer Mobility management Interworking with GSM services
4. Special issues SMS Charging O&M Supplementary services QoS Performance 5. GPRS business view What must be invested How to make money with GPRS Users' benefits of GPRS Business model
6. GPRS specifications
1. Introduction to GPRS
1.1. What is GPRS ? 1.2. GPRS access interfaces and reference points 1.3. How is GPRS seen by external networks and GPRS users 1.4. Air interface resources 1.5. GPRS characteristics 1.6. Applications
1.1. What is GPRS ? Part of GSM phase 2+ General Packet Radio Service
General -> not restricted to GSM use (DECT ?, 3rd
generation systems ?) Packet Radio -> enables packet mode communication over air Service, not System -> existing BSS (partially also NSS) infrastructure is used
Requires many new network elements into NSS Provides connections to external packet data networks
(Internet, X.25) Main benefits
accordingly Connection setup times are reduced Enables new service opportunities
Resources are reserved only when needed and charged

1.2. GPRS access interfaces and reference points

R reference point TE MT Um GPRS network 1 Gi reference point PDNs or other networks
MS
Gp
GPRS network 2
GPRS provides packet switched connections from MS

to packet data networks (PDN) Different operators GPRS networks are connected through Gp interface
1.3. How is GPRS seen by external networks and GPRS users?

HOST 155.222.33.55 GPRS SUBNETWORK SUBNETWORK 155.222.33.XXX "Router"
SUBNETWORK 191.200.44.XXX SUBNETWORK 131.44.15.XXX
Corporate 1
Router
Packet Data network network

(Internet)
Router
Corporate 2
HOST 191.200.44.21
Local area network
Local area network
HOST 131.44.15.3
1.4. Air interface resources

An example of occupied TCH capacity by CS traffic during busy hour with n% blocking
GPRS "steals" any TCH capacity not used by CS traffic
14 12 10 8 TCH 6 4
14 12 10
Free Capacity
2 0
Capacity occupied by CS traffic

1:00 PM 1:15 PM 1:30 PM 1:45 PM
TCH
8 6 4 2 0 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00
1.5. GPRS characteristics

GPRS uses packet switched resource allocation resources allocated only when data is to be sent/received Flexible channel allocation one to eight time slots available resources shared by active users up and down link channels reserved separately GPRS and circuit switched GSM services can use same time slots alternatively Traffic characteristics suitable for GPRS Intermittent, bursty data transmissions Frequent transmissions of small volumes of data Infrequent transmission of larger volumes of data
1.6. Applications
Standard data network protocol based
IP based applications WWW, FTP, Telnet, ... Any conventional TCP/IP based applications X.25 based applications Packet Assembly/Disassembly (PAD) type approach Point-to-point applications Toll road system, UIC train control system Point-to-multipoint applications Weather info, road traffic info, news, fleet management
GPRS specific protocol based
SMS delivery (GPRS as a bearer for SMS)
2. GPRS architecture
2.1. Interfaces, reference points and network elements 2.2. Functional view on GPRS 2.3. Subscription of GPRS service 2.4. New network elements 2.4.1. GGSN 2.4.2. SGSN 2.4.3. Other elements 2.4.4. GPRS backbones 2.5. GPRS Mobile classes 2.6. MS multislot capabilities
2.1. Interfaces, reference points and network elements

SMS-GMSC SMS-IWMSC MAP-H Gd MSC/VLR A TE R MT Um BSS Gs Gb SGSN Gp GGSN Other PLMN Signalling Interface Signalling and Data Transfer Interface
SM-SC MAP-C HLR
MAP-D
Gc Gi GGSN PDN TE
Gr Gn
MAP-F EIR
2.2. Functional view on GPRS

BTS R/S Um BSC
Packet network PSTN
MSC Gb Serving GPRS Support Node Gn (SGSN) Border Gateway (BG) Intra-PLMN backbone network (IP based) Gp Firewall Point-ToMultipoint Service Center (PTM SC) Gn Gr Gd Gs GPRS INFRASTRUCTURE
Packet SS7 network Network
HLR/AuC Gs Gr
SMS-GMSC Gd
EIR
Corporate 1 Server
Packet Inter-PLMN network Backbone

network
MAP-F Router Local area network
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
Firewall
Data Packet network network (Internet)
Gi.IP Gi.X.25 Firewall

Data Packet network network (X.25)
Corporate 2 Server
Router
Local area network
Assignment of functions to general logical architecture

Function Network Access Control: Registration Authentication and Authorisation Admission Control Message Screening Packet Terminal Adaptation Charging Data Collection Packet Routeing & Transfer: Relay Routeing Address Translation and Mapping Encapsulation Tunnelling Compression Ciphering Mobility Management: Logical Link Management: Logical Link Establishment Logical Link Maintenance Logical Link Release Radio Resource Management: Um Management Cell Selection Um-Tranx Path Management MS BSS SGSN GGSN HLR X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
X X
X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X X
2.3. Subscription of GPRS service (1/2)

Subscription storage: HLR Supports Multiple Subscriber Profile (MSP) Mobile identification: IMSI One or several PDP addresses per user Each subscribed configuration contains
PDP type (e.g., IP, X.25) PDP address (static, e.g. 128.200.192.64) Subscribed QoS (level 14) Dynamic address allowed VPLMN address allowed GGSN address Screening information (optional)
2.3. Subscription of GPRS service (2/2)

Subscription is copied from HLR to SGSN during GPRS Attach Part of PDP context is copied to relevant GGSNs when a PDP address is activated Possible PDP address allocation alternatives Static address allocated from HPLMN Dynamic address allocated from HPLMN Dynamic address allocated from VPLMN HPLMN operator specifies which alternatives are possible
2.4.1. Gateway GPRS Support Node

GGSN Typically located at one of the MSC sites One (or few) per operator Main functions Interface to external data networks Resembles to a data network router Forwards end user data to right SGSN Routes mobile originated packets to right destination Filters end user traffic Collects charging information for data network usage Data packets are not sent to MS unless the user has activated the PDP address
2.4.2. Serving GPRS Support Node

SGSN Functionally connected with BSC, physically can be at MSC or BSC site One for few BSCs or one (or few) per every BSC One SGSN can support BSCs of several MSC sites
Main functions Authenticates GPRS mobiles Handles mobiles registration in GPRS network Handles mobiles mobility management Relays MO and MT data traffic TCP/IP header compression, V.42bis data
compression, error control MS- SGSN (ARQ) Collect charging information of air interface usage
2.4.3. Other elements

BG (Border Gateway) (Not defined within GPRS) Routes packets from SGSN/GGSN of one operator to a SGSN/GGSN of an other operator Provides protection against intruders from external networks DNS (Domain Name Server) Translates addresses from ggsn1.oper1.fi -format to 123.45.67.89 format (i.e. as used in Internet) Charging Gateway Collects charging information from SGSNs and GGSNs PTM-SC (Point to Multipoint -Service Center) PTM Multicast (PTM-M): Downlink broadcast; no subscription; no ciphering PTM Group call (PTM-G): Closed or open groups; Down/up -link; ciphered Geographical area limitation
2.4.4. GPRS backbones

Enables communication between GPRS Support Nodes Based on private IP network IPv6 is the ultimate protocol IPV4 can be used as an intermediate solution Intra-PLMN backbone Connects GPRS Support Nodes of one operator Operator decides the network architecture
LAN, point-to-point links, ATM, ISDN, ...
Inter-PLMN backbone Connects GPRS operators via BGs Provides international GPRS roaming Operators decide the backbone in the roaming agreement
2.5. GPRS mobile types

Class A: Simultaneous GPRS and conventional GSM operation Supports simultaneous circuit switched and GPRS data transfer Class B: Can be attached to both GPRS and conventional GSM services simultaneously Can listen circuit switched and GPRS pages (via GPRS) Supports either circuit switched calls or GPRS data transfer but not simultaneous communication Class C: Alternatively attached in GPRS or conventional GSM No simultaneous operation GPRS only mobiles also possible (e.g. for telemetric applications)
2.6. GPRS multislot capabilities

MS RX 0 5 1 6 7 2 3 0 4 5 1 2 6 3 7 4 0 5 1 6
1-slot
MS TX Monitor
MS RX
0 5
1 6 7
3 0
5 1 2
6 3
7 4
0 5
1 6
2-slot
MS TX Monitor
MS RX
0 5
1 6 7
3 0
4 1
5 2
6 3
7 4
0 5
1 6
3-8 -slot
MS TX Monitor
3 slots:
4th slot:
5th slot:
3. GPRS operations
3.1 Security: Basic security rules Authentication, key management, ciphering 3.2 GPRS attach 3.3 Data transmission MO, MT, MO+MT 3.4 Mobility management 3.5 Interworking with GSM services
3.1. Security: Based on GSM phase 2

Authentication SGSN uses same principle as MSC/VLR: MS cant authenticate the network Key management in MS Kc generated same way from RAND using Ki as in GSM Ciphering Ciphering algorithm is optimized for GPRS traffic (GPRS - A5) Ciphering is done between MS and SGSN User confidentiality IMSI is only used if a temporary identity is not available Temporary identity (TLLI) is exchanged over ciphered link
Get triplet, send RAND to MS, wait for SRES from MS, use Kc
3.2. GPRS Attach

GPRS Attach function is similar to IMSI attach Authenticate the mobile Generate the ciphering key Enable the ciphering Allocate temporary identity (TLLI) Copy subscriber profile from HLR to SGSN After GPRS attach The location of the mobile is tracked Communication between MS and SGSN is secured Charging information is collected SGSN knows what the subscriber is allowed to do HLR knows the location of the MS in accuracy of SGSN
3.3. Data transfer: Basic rules (1/4) SGSN: Does not interpret user data, except

SGSN may perform TCP/IP header compression
Does not interpret source or destination addresses Sends all packets to specified GGSN that handles the PDP context GGSN: Performs optional filtering Decides where and how to route the packet
3.3. Data transfer (2/4)

Mobile originated (left when MS in HPLMN, right when in VPLMN, no filtering/screening)
BTS BSC BSC BTS
SGSN BG HPLM N
Intra-PLMN backbone network (IP based)
Packet Inter-PLMN backbone network network
SGSN BG
VPLM N
GGSN
GGSN
Corporate Server
Router
Local area network

Mobile terminated (left when MS in HPLMN, right when in VPLMN, with/without filtering/screening)
BTS BSC BSC BTS
SGSN BG HPLM N
Inter-PLMN backbone network network
Packet
SGSN BG
VPLM N
GGSN
GGSN
Corporate Server
Router
Local area network

Mobile originated and terminated (left MSs in same PLMN, right MSs in different PLMN)
BTS BSC BSC BTS
SGSN BG HPLM N
Packet Inter-PLMN backbone network network
SGSN BG
VPLM N
SGSN
GGSN
GGSN
BTS
BSC
Corporate Server
Router
Local area network
3.4. Mobility management (1/3)

Instead of Location Area, GPRS uses Routing Areas to group cells. RA is a subset of LA.
IDLE: MS is not known by the network (SGSN) STANDBY: MSs location is known in accuracy of Routing Area MS can utilize DRX (to save battery) MS must inform its location after every Routing
Area change (no need to inform if MS changes from one cell to another within same Routing Area) Before the network can perform MT data transfer MS must be paged within the Routing Area MS may initiate MO data transfer at any time
3.4. Mobility management (2/3) READY: MSs location is known in accuracy of cell MS must inform its location after every cell change MS can initiate MO data transfer at any time SGSN does not need to page the MS before MT
data transfer MS listens continuously GPRS PCCCH channel
DRX in READY state is optional
3.4. Mobility management (3/3)

Mobility management messages: Cell update (implicit, with any message)
When MS changes the cell within a Routing Area in

READY state
Routing Area update
When MS changes the cell between two Routing
Areas in READY or STANDBY state Two types of Routing Area Updates (from MSs point of view only one type) Intra-SGSN Routing Area Update Inter-SGSN Routing Area Update
Periodic Routing Area updates are applicable
3.5. Interworking with GSM services (1/3) GPRS can interwork with GSM services through Gsinterface If no Gs interface exists: Type of the location update procedure is indicated by the network in the response message to MS Effects on different MS classes if Gs does not exist: A-class mobiles must use conventional GSM services via normal GSM channels B-class mobiles wont get simultaneous support from the network. Depending on MS design
MS can try listen both paging channels
simultaneously by themselves MS does IMSI detach and use only GPRS service
No effect on C-class mobiles as simultaneous services are not supported
3.5. Interworking with GSM services (2/3)

Combined GPRS and IMSI attach To save radio resources MS indicates its request for combined attach MS sends combined GPRS and IMSI attach to SGSN SGSN may authenticate the MS SGSN informs MSC/VLR about the new MS Combined Location and Routing Area update To save radio resources MS indicates its request for combined update This is done when both Location Area and Routing Area changes at the same time Combined Location and Routing Area update is not done if MS has CS connection
3.5. Interworking with GSM services (3/3)

Paging CS services via GPRS network MSC/VLR gets MT call or SMS In VLR, presence of SGSN address tells that the MS is in GPRS attached state MSC/VLR sends the paging request to SGSN address (not to BSC) SGSN checks the location of MS (identified by IMSI) SGSN pages the MS via GPRS channels indicating CS page status MS replies to the page using normal GSM channels
4. Special issues
4.1. SMS 4.2. Charging 4.3. O&M 4.4. Supplementary services 4.5. Quality of Service 4.6. Performance
4.1 Special issues: SMS support

MO and MT SMSs can be carried via GPRS network HLR stores and returns two SS7 addresses to GMSC: SGSN address MSC/VLR address Primary route: Via SGSN, if available Secondary route: Via MSC/VLR, if available and primary failed
4.2 Special issues: GPRS charging of PTP (1/2)

SGSN gathers charging: usage of radio resources (packets, bits) usage of packet data protocols (time) usage of general GPRS resources
e.g. signaling messages, GPRS backbone
GGSN gathers charging : based on destination/source of data packets usage of external data networks (packets, bits) usage of general GPRS resources Operator selects what information is used for billing
4.2 Special issues: GPRS charging of PTM (2/2)

SGSN gathers usage of: usage of radio resources
usage of general GPRS resources PTM Service Center gathers charging : usage of general GPRS resource usage of PTM-G groups
amount of data geographical areas number of repetition
4.3 Special issues: Operation and management

GSM related parts can be handled with Q3 GPRS backbone network is based on IP network IP network uses Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
GPRS/GSM OMC BTS
BSC
Inter-operator's GPRS backbone management
SGSN
Inter-operator network backbone network
Packet
GPRS backbone network (IP based)
IP ROUTER Operator B's GPRS backbone management Data Packet network network (Internet)
GGSN
Operator A's GPRS backbone management
Data network management
4.4 Special issues: Supplementary services

Most of the conventional GSM supplementary services are not applicable for GPRS E.g., Call forwarding when busy, Calling line identification, Call waiting Some supplementary services may be applicable Advice of charge (can be difficult to realize) Closed user group (can be implemented as part of external data network) GPRS has its own supplementary services Barring of GPRS Interworking Profile(s)
4.5 Quality of Service

Precedence class (1,2,3) Delay class (1-4) Reliability class Peak throughput class; and Mean throughput class.
4.5.1 Reliability Class

Data reliability is defined in terms of the residual error
rates for the following cases (see GSM 02.60):
Probability of data loss Probability of data delivered out of sequence Probability of duplicate data delivery Probability of corrupted data
4.5.2 Throughput classes

Peak Throughput Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Peak Throughput in octets per second Up to 1 000 (8 kbit/s). Up to 2 000 (16 kbit/s). Up to 4 000 (32 kbit/s). Up to 8 000 (64 kbit/s). Up to 16 000 (128 kbit/s). Up to 32 000 (256 kbit/s). Up to 64 000 (512 kbit/s). Up to 128 000 (1 024 kbit/s). Up to 256 000 (2 048 kbit/s).
Mean Throughput Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Mean Throughput in octets per hour Best effort. 100 (~0.22 bit/s). 200 (~0.44 bit/s). 500 (~1.11 bit/s). 1 000 (~2.2 bit/s). 2 000 (~4.4 bit/s). 5 000 (~11.1 bit/s). 10 000 (~22 bit/s). 20 000 (~44 bit/s). 50 000 (~111 bit/s). 100 000 (~0.22 kbit/s). 200 000 (~0.44 kbit/s). 500 000 (~1.11 kbit/s). 1 000 000 (~2.2 kbit/s). 2 000 000 (~4.4 kbit/s). 5 000 000 (~11.1 kbit/s). 10 000 000 (~22 kbit/s). 20 000 000 (~44 kbit/s). 50 000 000 (~111 kbit/s).
4.6 Performance 1/3

Example
SGSN that handles 2 Mbps up and downlink traffic

Average packet size 500 octets (4000 bits) => Each packet must be processed totally every 1 milliseconds IP stack in backbone possible UDP (de)fragmentation, IP checksums GTP header processing, finding the right context possible paging of the MS compression in SNDCP level, possible segmentation LLC CRC, LLC acknowledges, LLC timers handle GPRS ciphering/deciphering BSSGP protocol Frame relay protocol
4.6 Performance 2/3

Example continued
Background tasks
Ensuring the QoS for every mobile Scheduling pending packets to time horizon Rescheduling everything after MS has changed the cell
Handling charging data collection Performance monitoring Handle SGSN operating system, task switching, etc. Handle diagnostics of the network element If SGSN handles 65 Mbps, instead of 2 Mbps? => SGSN has just about 30 micro seconds to do all above
4.6 Performance 3/3

Solution to the example
Each network element has limited capacity (x

packets/second) If operator needs more capacity (e.g. 50x)
use 50 parallel boxes for example, every GGSN boxes are really independent of each other each SGSN handles its own area (list of cells)
Capacity grows linearly but complexity in each box

remains the same Reliability? Configuration?
5. GPRS Business View

5.1. What must be invested to get GPRS up and running? 5.2. How to launch GPRS with minimised incremental cost 5.3. How to make money with GPRS? 5.4. Users' benefits of GPRS
5.5. Business model
5.1 What must be invested to get GPRS up and running?
Updates on existing network elements New network elements

BTS, BSC, MSC/HLR, O&M, billing system, network planning Totally new network for GPRS backbone, based on IP New packet network nodes A lot of Internet "stuff" (routers, DNS servers, firewalls, ) "Internet way" of thinking
Totally new skills needed
New mobiles and new type of users New type of business thinking
5.2 How to launch GPRS with minimised incremental cost
A single SGSN/GGSN combined functional unit BTSs support basic GPRS services with software
update only, BSCs need HW upgrade to add connection to SGSN Use existing paging and control channels for GPRS Limit the number of radio channels available for GPRS Gs interface can be deleted => no MSC developments
5.3. How to make money with GPRS?

New users
New services
More subsribers New ways to get money from users New intances to pay instead of the users (e.g. advertisers) New ways to get money from users More data traffic Small payments per packet, but huge number of packets
New applications More data traffic
5.4. Users' benefits of GPRS

GPRS Selling arguments:
Higher capacity Internet access
Up to 171,2 kbps in theory, 40 kbps in practice
Quicker access to Internet

No set up time, Iternet access all the time available
Lower cost
Flat rate or volume based billing
Or no cost
via anonymous access (somebody else pays the bill)
5.5. Business model

1/2
If the users are paying little (or nothing), how does this
make profit to the operator?
Not the high cost per time but the large number of packets Somebody else may pay the bill (e.g. anonymous access)
Example business model

# subscribers Business users 100000 "Normal" users 1000000 Web surfers 1000000 Computers 100000 Total 2200000 QoS level Monthly Cost/kB Volume/ Monthly Total annual Total data fee (FIM) FIM day (FIM) cost/subs cost (MFIM) volume (GB) High 50 0,02 1000 650 780 36500 Normal 25 0,01 20 31 372 7300 Best effort 50 0 250 50 600 91250 High 50 0,1 20 110 132 730 1884 135780
5.5. Business model 2/2

Volume calculations
Average data volume per day per hour per sec per sec per year per day per hour per sec per sec 372 15,5 4,3 34,3 43800 120 30 8,3 66,7 GB/d GB/h MB/s Mbps GB/a GB/d GB/h MB/s Mbps
Peak hour data volume
all data in 4 busy hours
Number of time slots needed Carrier
6667 TSs 833 Carriers
average 10 kbps/TS
6. GPRS Standardization
GPRS Phase 1: Release 97 Basic set of GPRS functionality Optional features GPRS Phase 2: GPRS for UMTS Certain issues defined in stage 1 documents are not included in the first release of the GPRS standard New requirements have been pointed out for UMTS
Standard was approved March/June 1998
6.1 List of participants

The following companies and organizations have been participating in GPRS work in last 3 years Some of the manufacturers, operators and others participating GPRS standardization: Alcatel, BT, CNET, CSELT, Detemobil, Eplus, Ericsson, France Telecom, IBM, Inmarsat, Lucent, Mannesmann, Motorola, NEC, Nokia, Nortel/Matra, Omnipoint, OPI, Philips, SFR, Siemens, Telecom Finland, Telia, UIC, Vodafone EU sponsored project team PT8OV to expedite GPRS standardization Support of PT12
6.2 GPRS Specifications

GPRS document structure
Doc. 01.60 Title Requirements Specification of GPRS
Stage 1 02.60 General GPRS Overview 10.60 GPRS standarsisation status and overview Stage 2 03.60 03.64 03.61 03.62
General System Description and Newtwork Architecture Radio Architecture Description Point to Multipoint Multicast (very draft) Point to Multipoint Group Call (non existing)
New Stage 3 04.60 Radio stage 3: RLC/MAC Radio Protocol 04.61 PTM-M Services (not existing yet) 04.62 PTM-G Services (not existing yet) 04.64 LLC 04.65 SNDCP 07.60 User Interworking 08.18 BSSGP: The Gb Interface 08.16 Gb Network Service 08.14 Gb Layer 1 09.16 Gs Layer 2 09.18 Gs Layer 3 09.60 GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP): Gn & Gp Interface 09.61 External Interworking Networks

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) : Petteri Lappalainen 23.11.1998 IP Tech School Seminar Presentation

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General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) : Petteri Lappalainen 23.11.1998 IP Tech School Seminar Presentation

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General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

Petteri Lappalainen 23.11.1998 IP Tech School Seminar Presentation

Resources are reserved only when needed and charged

1.2. GPRS access interfaces and reference points

GPRS provides packet switched connections from MS

1.3. How is GPRS seen by external networks and GPRS users?

Packet Data network network

Local area network

Local area network

1.4. Air interface resources

Capacity occupied by CS traffic

8 6 4 2 0 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00

1.5. GPRS characteristics

Standard data network protocol based

GPRS specific protocol based

SMS delivery (GPRS as a bearer for SMS)

2.1. Interfaces, reference points and network elements

SM-SC MAP-C HLR

2.2. Functional view on GPRS

Packet Inter-PLMN network Backbone

MAP-F Router Local area network

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

Gi.IP Gi.X.25 Firewall

Local area network

Assignment of functions to general logical architecture

2.3. Subscription of GPRS service (1/2)

2.3. Subscription of GPRS service (2/2)

2.4.1. Gateway GPRS Support Node

2.4.2. Serving GPRS Support Node

2.4.3. Other elements

2.4.4. GPRS backbones

LAN, point-to-point links, ATM, ISDN, ...

2.5. GPRS mobile types

2.6. GPRS multislot capabilities

3.1. Security: Based on GSM phase 2

3.2. GPRS Attach

SGSN may perform TCP/IP header compression

3.3. Data transfer (2/4)

Packet Inter-PLMN backbone network network

Local area network

3.3. Data transfer (3/4)

Inter-PLMN backbone network network

Local area network

3.3. Data transfer (4/4)

Packet Inter-PLMN backbone network network

Local area network

3.4. Mobility management (1/3)

data transfer MS listens continuously GPRS PCCCH channel

DRX in READY state is optional

3.4. Mobility management (3/3)

When MS changes the cell within a Routing Area in

Routing Area update

When MS changes the cell between two Routing

Periodic Routing Area updates are applicable

MS can try listen both paging channels

No effect on C-class mobiles as simultaneous services are not supported

3.5. Interworking with GSM services (2/3)

3.5. Interworking with GSM services (3/3)

4.1 Special issues: SMS support

4.2 Special issues: GPRS charging of PTP (1/2)

e.g. signaling messages, GPRS backbone

4.2 Special issues: GPRS charging of PTM (2/2)