Seeds Fruits Fruit types Seed dispersal Video: seed dispersal Real fruit samples
What is a seed?
A matured ovule, containing: 1. a plant __________ 2. a food supply 3. covered by a _____________
Embryo
The seed contains a well-formed multicellular young plant embryo (germ) Embryo is _________ (2n) It will become a whole plant
Nutritive tissue
Seed contains a food supply Stored food contains enough energy for the embryo to grow through the soil, when seedling is unable to photosynthesize. Food source can be the _________, which is ______ (_n) as a result of double fertilization
Seed coat
A thick protective coat outer layer of the seed Formed from the _______________
Seed coat
Gymnosperm seed
Single fertilization produces the diploid embryo (2n) Food source is the haploid megagametophyte
Fruit
In flowering plants Fruit is a mature, ripened o_____ that contains the seeds Pericarp the ovary wall
ovary
A. Simple fruit
A. Simple fruit develops from a ______ ovary of a single flower. Simple fruits can be either fleshy or dry when mature Simple fleshy fruit 1. __________ 2. Hesperidium 3. __________ 4. Pepo 5. _________
2. _______________ is a berry with tough, leathery rind (peel) Examples: oranges, lemons, other citrus.
B. _____________
__________ fruit develops from one flower with many separate pistils/carpels, all ripening simultaneously Examples: strawberry, raspberries, blackberries
C. Multiple fruit
Multiple fruit develops from ovaries of several flowers borne/fused together on the same stalk For example: ____________
A. Self dispersal
Plants disperse their seeds by forceful ejection explosive fruits! Witch hazel, squirting cucumber (jet propulsion)
Self dispersal
The peanut plant sows (buries) its own seeds! Geocarpic: carpel grows inside the earth (soil)
B. Wind dispersal
Fruit and seeds may have special devices for wind dispersal Plumes catch wind currents: Dandelion Trees take advantage of their great heights for wind dispersal. Fruits with wings are used to slow the descent to land: maple, ash fruit
C. ___________ Dispersal
Fruits and/or seeds use flotation devices to travel by water (in rivers, oceans, etc.) Fruit may have air spaces and corky floats: for example ________________
D. Animal dispersal
Plants have _____________ with animals to accomplish seed dispersal Many plants depend on animals for seed dispersal; they may offer a nutritional reward Animals learn to recognize ripened fruit colors Fleshy fruits eaten and dispersed with feces
Animal dispersal
Some dry fruit attach and cling to animals (they hitchhike on the animals) Some have Velcro-like hooks that cling to animal fur (burdock, cockleburs) Others have sticky substances that stick to host (mistletoe)