2.

Tipos de falla

ANLISIS DE FALLAS

CLASIFICACIN: 3 CATEGORAS 1. MANIFESTACIN (FORMA DE PRESENTARSE)

2. AGENTE CAUSANTE
3. LOCALIZACIN

1. MANIFESTACIN DE LA FALLA
1.1 DEFORMACIN ELSTICA 1.2 DEFORMACIN PLSTICA

1.3 RUPTURA (FRACTURA)

1.4 CAMBIO DE MATERIAL: Metalrgico, qumico o atmico

2. FACTORES
2.1 CARGAS (FZAS O MOMENTOS): ESTTICA

TRANSITORIA
CCLICA ALEATORIA

2.2 TIEMPO MUY CORTO CORTO LARGO 2.3 TEMPERATURA BAJA AMBIENTE ELEVADA

ESTACIONARIA
TRANSITORIA CCLICA O ALEATORIA

2.4 AMBIENTE ACTIVO (AGRESIVO) QUMICO NUCLEAR

3. LOCALIZACIN DE LA FALLA
3.1 CUERPO
3.2 SUPERFICIE

MODOS DE FALLA OBSERVADOS EN LA PRCTICA 1. DEFORMACIN ELSTICA 2. FLUENCIA 3. BRINELLING (cargas excesiva o de impacto en cojinetes inmviles. Es
una forma de dao mecnico en la cual el metal se desplaza sin desgaste)

4. RUPTURA DCTIL 5. RUPTURA FRGIL

6. FATIGA
MUCHOS CICLOS (>10000) BAJOS CICLOS (< 1000) TRMICA POR IMPACTO SUPERFICIAL , Y CORROSIN FRETTING (2 metales son mantenidos en contacto y sujetos a una repeticin de deslizamientos cortos con movimientos relativos)

7. CORROSIN

ATAQUE QUMICO DIRECTO

GALVNICA CREEVICE PITTING

INTERGRANULAR
POR EROSIN POR CAVITACIN DAO POR HIDRGENO

BIOLGICA
POR ESFUERZOS

8. IMPACTO
FRACTURA DEFORMACIN DESGASTE FRETTING FATIGA

9. DESGASTE

ADHESIVO
ABRASIVO CORROSIVO FATIGA SUPERFICIAL

POR DEFORMACIN (FATIGA REPETIDA)

POR IMPACTO

10.FRETTING
FATIGA DESGASTE CORROSIN

11.CREEP
12.RELAX TRMICO 13.RUPTURA POR ESFUERZO

14.CHOQUE TRMICO 15.GALLING (Forma de desgaste en la cual ocurre un

cizallamiento disminucin de la superficie)

16.SPALLING -occurs at high stress contact points, for

example, in a ball bearing. Spalling occurs in preference to brinelling where the maximal shear stress occurs not at the surface, but just below, shearing the spall off. (are flakes of a material that are broken off a larger solid body and can be produced by a variety of mechanisms:projectile impact, corrosion, weathering, cavitation, or excessive rolling pressure.

17.DAO POR RADIACIN 18.PANDEO (INESTABILIDAD ELSTICA) 19.PANDEO POR CREEP 20.CORROSIN POR ESFUERZO 21.DESGASTE POR CORROSIN

3. ANLISIS DE CARGAS

Reliability Services in the Design Phase Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) DEFINITION Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is a top-down approach to failure mode analysis. An FTA identifies failures and strives to eliminate the cause of the failure.

SITUATION While troubleshooting a failure or trying to identify possible causes to a specific failure effect, an FTA can be a very useful tool.
OBJECTIVE FTA is a systematic, deductive method for defining a single specific undesirable event and determining all possible failures that could cause the event in question to occur. VALUE TO YOUR ORGANIZATION Although an FTA can be very useful in the initial product design phase as an evaluation tool, it is probably more powerful as a troubleshooting tool after an event (or proposed event) has taken place.

RELIABILITY INTEGRATION An example of Reliability Integration during Fault Tree Analysis is as follows: Using FTA's during HALT planning When a FMECA identifies a critical effect, an FTA is often deployed to evaluate all possible failure modes that can also cause the same critical effect. This is especially helpful when planning a HALT so that the appropriate stresses can be applied and so that the failure can easily be troubleshot if the critical effect is exposed during HALT. METHODOLOGY When we perform an FTA, we start with an undesired event. The undesired event constitutes the top event in a fault tree diagram. We then brainstorm (just like the FMECA) as to the possible failure modes that can result in this undesired effect. FTA's and FMECA's are very similar in this regard but the goal is much different. Whereas a FMECA is trying to identifying all possible failure modes in a system and the effects of these failure modes, an FTA starts with one specific failure effect and then identifies only those failure modes that can cause the particular effect. How we decide whether to use an FTA or a FMECA FTA is preferred over FMECA when: A small number of top events can be identified Product functionality is highly complex The product is not repairable once initiated FMECA is preferred over FTA when: The events cannot be limited to a small number Multiple successful functional profiles are possible Identification of "all possible" failure modes is important

CASE STUDIES/OPTIONS The following case studies and options provide example approaches. We shall tailor our approach to meet your specific situation. 1) Using FTA's to Identify Safety-Critical Failures A Computer manufacturer had a safety-critical failure in their product and they wanted to identify if there were any other failure modes in the product that could result in the same failure effect. For this, we turned to an FTA. We made the safety-critical failure the top event. From there, we reviewed the FMECA and held brainstorming sessions to help identify other failure modes that could cause this top event. Next, we reviewed the reliability prediction to identify how often the event will occur. 2) Using FTA's During Failure Analysis For a Medical Device company, we showed them how to use FTA as a powerful failure analysis tool after a failure occurred to help identify the cause of the failure. Troubleshooting isolated which component failed but an FTA was needed to determine what caused the failure.

Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA)

DEFINITION In a FMECA, each failure mode of the product is identified and then evaluated for criticality This criticality is then translated into a risk, and if this level of risk is not acceptable, correc action must be taken. Risk Management is a process for identifying hazards associated w a product, estimating and evaluating the associated risks, controlling these risks, and monitoring the effectiveness of the control. The process includes Risk Analysis, Risk Evaluation, and Risk Control. Risk Management uses a Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) as a tool when evaluating and controlling risks. SITUATION FMECA's are performed not only on the hardware design but on the software, the manufacturing processes used to build the product, and the user interfaces (everyday and abuse as well as preventive maintenance tasks). Whenever a user is involved, we must pay specific attention to the possibility of the user using the product incorrectly, risking either the integrity of the product or, worse, possibly creating an unsafe situation. OBJECTIVE The objective of a FMECA is the early identification of all catastrophic and critical failure possibilities so that they can be eliminated or minimized through design correction at the earliest possible time. VALUE TO YOUR ORGANIZATION By understanding the critical failure modes of a design and their effects, we can perform a risk assessment and if the risk is deemed too high, we can work to mitigate the failure mod thereby reducing the risk.

Diagrama de cuerpo libre de un auto viajando a velocidad constante

Diagrama de cuerpo libre de un auto con aceleracin

Equilibrio de momentos en el eje X para motor, transmisin y eje de propulsin de un automvil de propulsin trasera (T = engine torque, R = trans-mission torque ration; el motor gira en sentido CCW visto desde la transmisin).

. .

DCL de la transmisin y sus principales componentes:

(a) montaje completo. (Contina)

. .

(b) Eje principal (front and rear halves rotate freely with respect to each other). (c) Countershaft.

Free-body diagram of transmission and major components: (d) Housing. Note: Diameters of gears A and C are 2 in. Diameters of gears B and D are 3 in.

Cargas actuantes en un seccin interna resultantes de un DCL.

Cargas actuantes en un seccin interna resultantes de un DCL.

Elemento sujeto a 3 fuerzas: manivela (2) unida por medio de un pivote al marco fijo (1). Una barra horizaontal que no se muestra (3) se acopla a la parte superior, ejerciendo una fuerza F de 40lbs. Determinar F12 y F42

Solucin analtica.

Solucin grfica

Estudios de fuerzas en un dedo

Ejemplo de viga cargada y diagramas de cortante y flector

Contraeje de transmisin, determinacin de seccin crtica

Carga en la secin crtica del contraeje

Localizacin de secciones crticas-flujo de fuerzas

Conexin en forma de horquilla

Force flow lines and critical sections in yoke connection.

Force-flow concept applied to triple-riveted butt joint. (a) complete joint, broken at center, showing total load carried by straps. (Continued on next four slides.)

Force-flow concept applied to triple-riveted butt joint. (b) Force flow through plate to rivets. (c) Diagram of force flow versus plate cross-sectional area.

Force-flow concept applied to triple-riveted butt joint. (d) Force flow through rivet. (e) Diagrammatic representation of force flow through rivet.

Force-flow concept applied to triple-riveted butt joint. (f) Complete diagrammatic representation of force flow.