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MEMORY

MEMORY
The workspace for the computers processor.
A temporary storage area where the programs and data being operated on by the processor must reside.

MEMORY
Memory storage is considered temporary because the data and programs remain there only as long as the computer has electrical power or is not reset. Before being shut down or reset, any data that has been changed should be saved to a more permanent storage device (usually a hard disk) so it can be reloaded into memory in the future.

MEMORY CAPACITY
Bit
Short for binary digit (0s and 1s), the only data that a CPU can process.

Byte
An 8-bit string of data, needed to represent any one alphanumeric character or simple mathematical operation.

HIERARCHY OF MEMORY CAPACITY


Kilobyte (KB): approximately one thousand bytes.
Megabyte (MB): approximately one million bytes (1, 048, 576 bytes, or 1,024 x 1, 024) Gigabyte (GB): actually 1,073,741,824 bytes (1,024 x 1,024 x 1,024 bytes)

HIERARCHY OF MEMORY CAPACITY


Terabyte: one trillion bytes. Petabyte: Approximately 1015 bytes. Exabyte: Approximately 1018 bytes.

COMPUTER MEMORY
Two basic categories of computer memory
Primary storage - Stores small amounts of data and information that will be immediately used by the CPU

Secondary storage - Stores much larger amounts of data and information (an entire software program, for example for extended periods of time)

PRIMARY STORAGE or MAIN MEMORY - Stores 3 types of information for


very brief periods of time:
Data to be processed by the CPU. Instructions for the CPU as to how to process the data.

Operating system programs that manage various aspects of the computers operation.

MAIN TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE


Register
Random access memory (RAM) Cache memory Read-only Memory Flash memory

REGISTERS
Part of the CPU with the least capacity, storing extremely limited amounts of instructions and data only immediately before and after processing.

RAM (Random Access Memory)


Main memory is called RAM because you can randomly (as opposed to sequentially) access any location in memory. The part of primary storage that holds a software program and small amounts of data when they are brought from the secondary storage.

Cache memory
A type of primary storage where the computer can temporarily store blocks of data used more often.

Extremely fast memory that is built into a computers CPU, or located next to it on a separate chip.
The CPU uses cache memory to store instructions that are repeatedly required to run programs, improving overall system speed.

Cache memory
The advantage of cache memory is that the CPU does not have to use the motherboards system bus for data transfer. Whenever data must be passed through the system bus, the data transfer speed slows to the motherboards capability.

ROM (Read-only memory)


type of memory that can permanently or semi permanently hold data. It is called read-only because it is either impossible or difficult to write to.

ROM (Read-only memory)


ROM also is often referred to as nonvolatile memory because any data stored in ROM remains there, even if the power is turned off.

ROM is an ideal place to put the PCs startup instructions that is the, the software that boots the system. (OS)

ROM (Read-only memory)


Note: ROM and RAM are not opposites, as some people seem to believe. Both are simply types of memory. In fact, ROM could be classified as technically a subset of the systems RAM. In other words, a portion of the systems random access memory address space is mapped into one or more ROM chips. This is necessary to contain the software that enables the PC to boot up; otherwise, the processor would have no program in memory to execute when it was powered on.

FLASH MEMORY
A form of rewritable read-only memory that is compact, portable, and requires little energy. Flash memory is a type of constantly-powered nonvolatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed in units of memory called blocks. (memory blocks)

FLASH MEMORY
Flash memory is often used to hold control code such as the basic input/output system (BIOS) in a personal computer. When BIOS needs to be changed (rewritten), the flash memory can be written to in block (rather than byte) sizes, making it easy to update.

SECONDARY STORAGE
Memory capacity that can store very large amounts of data for extended periods of time.
It is nonvolatile.

It takes much more time to retrieve data because of the electromechanical nature.
It is cheaper than primary storage. It can take place on a variety of media.

SECONDARY STORAGE
Magnetic tape Sequential access Magnetic disks Hard drives
Direct access Magnetic diskettes

MAGNETIC TAPE
A secondary storage medium on a large open roll or in a smaller cartridge or cassette. Made of a thin magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic film. Developed in Germany, based on magnetic wire recording.

MAGNETIC TAPE

SEQUENTIAL ACCESS
Data access in which the computer system must run through data in sequence in order to locate a particular piece. Refers to reading or writing data records in sequential order, that is, one record after the other. For example, to read record 10, you would first need to read records 1 through 9.

SEQUENTIAL ACCESS

Difference between sequential access to random access

MAGNETIC DISKS and HARD DRIVES


MAGNETIC DISKS
A form of secondary storage on a magnetized disk divided into tracks and sectors that provide addresses for various pieces of data;

HARD DRIVES
A form of secondary storage that stores data on platters divided into concentric tracks and sectors, which can be read by a read/write head that pivots across the rotating disks.

MAGNETIC DISKS and HARD DRIVES

DIRECT ACCESS
Data access in which any piece of data retrieved in a nonsequential manner by locating it using datas address.

Method of transferring data from the computers RAM to another part of the computer without processing using the CPU.

MAGNETIC DISKETTES
A form of easily portable secondary storage on flexible Mylar disks.
Also called floppy disks.

OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES


A form of secondary storage in which a laser reads the surface of a reflective plastic platter. A term from engineering referring to the storage of data on an optically readable medium.

OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES


An electro-mechanical unit that can save and retrieve (write and read) information on a special disc medium using a laser light.

Data is recorded by making marks in a pattern that can be read back with aid of light, usually a beam of laser light precisely focused on a spinning disc.

COMPACT DISK, READ-ONLY MEMORY (CD-ROM)


A form of secondary storage that can be only read and not written on. An adaption of the CD that is designed to store computer data in the form of text and graphics, as well as hi-fi (high fidelity) stereo sound.

COMPACT DISK, READ-ONLY MEMORY (CD-ROM)

DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD)


An optical storage device used to store digital video or computer data. Commonly used as a medium for digital representation of movies and other multimedia presentations that combine sound with graphics.

DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD)

FLUORESCENT MULTILAYER DISK (FMD-ROM)


An optical storage device with much greater storage capacity than DVDs. Is a new data storage format currently being developed by a company called constellation 3D (C3D).

FLUORESCENT MULTILAYER DISK (FMD-ROM)


FMD is an optical format, similar in size and appearance to regular CD-ROMs and DVDs.
The advantage of FMD technology promises over its rivals is that although a CDR may hold 700MB of data, and a DVDROM 4.7, initial reports from C3D claim that it may be possible to produce FMD discs with up to 140 GB of data.

MEMORY CARDS
Credit-card-size storage devices that can be installed in an adapter or slot in many personal computers.

An electronic flash memory data storage device used for storing digital information.
They are commonly used in many electronic devices, including digital cameras, mobile phones, laptop computers, MP3 players, and video game consoles.

MEMORY CARDS

EXPANDABLE STORAGE DEVICES


Removable disk cartridges used as backup storage for internal hard drives of PCs.

ENTERPRICE STORAGE SYSTEMS


An independent, external system with intelligence that includes two or more storage devices. Is a centralized repository for business information that provides common data management and protection, as well as data sharing functions, through connections to numerous (and possibly dissimilar) computer systems.

REDUNDANT ARRAYS OF INDEPENDENT DISKS (RAID)


An enterprise storage system that links groups of standard hard drives to a specialized microcontroller that coordinates the drives so they appear as a single logical drive.
Is a way of storing the same data in different places (thus, redundantly) on multiple hard disks.

Storage area network (SAN)


An enterprise storage system architecture for building special, dedicated networks that allow rapid and reliable access to storage devices by multiple servers.

Storage Area Network (SAN)

Storage over IP
Technology that uses the internet protocol to transport stored data between devices within a SAN Sometimes called IP over SCSI or iSCSI(internet protocol)-(small computer system interface)-(internet small computer system interface)

Storage over IP
Small Computer System Interface
SCUZZY Is a set of ANSI standard electronic interfaces that allow personal computers to communicate with peripheral hardware such as disk drives, tape drives, CD-ROM drives, printers, and scanners faster and more flexibly than previous interfaces.

Storage over IP
Internet Small Computer System Interface
IP-based storage networking standard for linking data storage facilities, developed by the internet engineering task force.

NETWORK-ATTACHED STORAGE (NAS)


NAS device is a special-purpose server that provides file storage to users who access the device over a network; plug-and-play.
A hard disk storage that is set up with its own network address rather than being attached to the department computer that is serving applications to a networks workstation users.

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