Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 1

Lecture 16: More on Friction

u
a
T
m
u =30
0
N
mg
f
S
a

v
o
mg
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 2
Friction Review
Surface friction is caused by the microscopic
interactions between the two surfaces:
A surface exerts a force on a body placed on it
We can decompose this force into the normal force
vector N and the frictional force vector f
F

perpendicular to N and parallel to the surface, in the
direction opposing relative motion of the two surfaces.
Kinetic (sliding): The magnitude of the frictional force
is proportional to the magnitude of the normal force N.
f
K
= u
K
N
Static: The frictional force balances the net applied
forces such that the object doesnt move. The
maximum possible static frictional force is
proportional to N.
f
S
s u
S
N

Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 3
Skiing
What is the minimum slope angle needed to ski?
Use u
k
= 0.04 for waxed wood on dry snow.
u
a
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 4
u
mg

Skiing
x k
x k k
y
ma mg mg
ma N mg f mg x
ma mg N y
=
= =
= =
u u u
u u u
u
cos sin
sin sin :
0 cos :
What is the minimum angle needed to ski?
Draw Free Body Diagram
Choose axes, parallel and perpendicular to the slope

>
>
>
>
2
04 . 0 tan
tan . .
cos sin
u
u
u u
u u u
So
e i
mg mg Need
k
k
Skier will slide if acceleration > 0
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 5
Hiking
What about rubber on concrete?
Use u
k
= 0.8
! ! 39
8 . 0 tan
>
>
u
u
So
Need
slipping start to 45 So
0 . 1 tan
>
>
u
u Need
Static case u
s
= 1.0
mg
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 6
Problem: Box on Truck
A box with mass m sits in the back of a truck. The
coefficient of static friction between the box and the truck
is u
S
.
What is the maximum acceleration a that the truck can
have without the box slipping?
m
u
S
a
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 7
Problem: Box on Truck
Draw a Free Body Diagram for
the box:

Consider case where f
F
is
max... (i.e. if the
acceleration were any
larger, the box would slip).
Then the friction force is
the maximum static friction
f
F
=u
s
N
N
f
F
= u
S
N
mg
x
y
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 8
Problem: Box on Truck
Use F
NET
= ma for both x and y components
N
f
F
= u
S
N
mg
a
MAX
x
y
x u
S
N = ma
MAX


y N = mg
a
MAX
= u
S
g
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 9
Problem Box and Rope
A box of mass m =10.21 kg is at rest on a floor. The
coefficient of static friction between the floor and the box
is u
s
= 0.4.
A rope is attached to the box and pulled at an angle of
u = 30
o
above horizontal with tension T = 40 N.
Does the box move?


T
m

static friction (u
s
= 0.4 )
u
UIUC
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 10
Solution Box and Rope
Pick axes & draw FBD of box:
Apply F
NET
= ma
y: N + T sin u - mg = ma
Y
= 0

N = mg - T sin u
= 10.21 kg 9.81 m/s
2
- 40N 0.5
= 80 Newtons
x: T cos u - f
s
= ma
X
y
x
T
m
u =30
0
N
mg
f
S
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 11
Solution Box and Rope
x: T cos u - f
s
= ma
X
y: N = 80 N

The box will move if T cos u - f
S
> 0
T cos u = 40cos30 = 34.6 N
f
s
= u
s
N = (.4)(80N) = 32 N
So T cos u > f
s
The box does move
T
m
u=30
0

N
mg
f
S
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 12
ICQ: Box and Rope
A box of mass m is pulled in the direction shown in the
figure across a rough surface at a constant velocity. The
magnitude of the frictional force is
a) u
k
mg b) u
k
Tcosu c) u
k
(T-mg) d)u
k
Tsinu e)u
k
(mg-Tsinu)
T
u
m
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 13
ICQ: Box and Rope
A box of mass m is pulled in the direction shown in the
figure across a rough surface at a constant velocity. The
magnitude of the frictional force is
a) u
k
mg b) u
k
Tcosu c) u
k
(T-mg) d)u
k
Tsinu e)u
k
(mg-Tsinu)
The frictional force is F = u
k
N
The normal force is given by
N + Tsinu = mg
So F=u
k
(mg-Tsinu)
T
u
F
mg
N
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 14
Stopping Distance

A car is moving with initial speed v
o
. The brakes are
applied. The coefficient of static friction between the
wheels and the road is u
S
. Find the stopping distance D.
a

v
o
v = 0
D
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 15
Stopping distance
0 =
=
= =
v
g a
mg N ma
s
s s
u
u u
f
F

Ax
g
v
x
s
u 2
2
0
= A Stopping distance
x a v v A = 2
2
0
2
Use
Force stopping car is
static friction between
tire and road
This is why the police
measure the skid
marks on the road
They can tell if you
were exceeding the
speed limit
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 16
Stopping distance
Examples
For kinetic friction first, if
the car is sliding




Now for static friction if wheels are rolling
m
g
v
s m v For
k
25
8 . 9 8 . 0 2
400
2
1
x
8 . 0 , / 20
2
=

= = A
= =
u
u
f
F

Ax
m
g
v
s m v For
s
20
8 . 9 0 . 1 2
400
2
1
x
0 . 1 , / 20
2
=

= = A
= =
u
u
These stopping distances will be much longer on ice (u
S
=0.1)
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 17
Motive force of your car
What is the force that provides the acceleration of your
car?
a) The force of your foot on the accelerator
b) The force of burning gas on the piston in the engine
c) The force of the engine turning the wheels
d) The force of friction between the tires and the road.
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 18
Motive force of your car
What is the force that provides the acceleration of your
car?
a) The force of your foot on the accelerator
b) The force of burning gas on the piston in the engine
c) The force of the engine turning the wheels
d) The force of friction between the tires and the road.
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 19
Tires are your cars only contact with the road.
All the forces that cause your car to accelerate or brake
are transmitted through the tires
Your engine does not accelerate the car, it turns the
wheels that accelerate the car.
The point of contact of your tire with the road is at rest,
provided you are not skidding


It is the force of static friction between the tires and the
road that provides the force to accelerate or brake your car
Anti-lock brakes work by making sure the wheels roll
without slipping. This maximizes the frictional force
slowing the car since u
S
> u
K
.

Tires
v
v
v
f
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 20
Problem Two boxes
A box of mass m
1
= 1.5 kg is being pulled by a
horizontal string having tension T = 90 N. It slides with
friction (u
k
= 0.51) on top of a second box having mass
m
2
= 3 kg, which in turn slides on a frictionless floor.
What is the acceleration of the second box ?

m
2
T m
1

slides with friction (u
k
=0.51 )
slides without friction
a = ?
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 21
Solution Two Boxes
First draw FBD of the top box:
m
1
N
1,2
m
1
g
T
f = u
K
N
1,2
= u
K
m
1
g
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 22
Solution Two Boxes
Newtons 3rd law says the force box 2 exerts on box 1 is
equal and opposite to the force box 1 exerts on box 2.
There are two forces on box 2 due to box 1
Friction force f
2,1
Contact force N
2,1
f
2,1
f
1,2
= u
K
m
1
g
N
1,2
N
2,1
m
1
m
2


Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 23
Solution Two boxes
Now consider the FBD of box 2:

N
2,f
= m
1
g+m
2
g
=(m
1
+m
2
)g
m
2
g
N
2,f
m
1
g=N
2,1
m
2
f
2,1
= u
k
m
1
g
Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 24
Solution Two Boxes
Finally, solve F = ma in the horizontal direction:
m
2
f
2,1
= u
K
m
1
g
u
K
m
1
g = m
2
a
g
m
m
a
k
2
1
u =
2
s m 81 9 51 0
kg 3
kg 5 1
. .
.
=
a = 2.5 m/s
2

Physics 1301: Lecture 16, Pg 25
Homework


Tomorrow we will learn about circular motion, read
Fishbane chapter 5-4
Do problems, chapter 5 #8,9,33,34,