ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS

H.P, V.P and P.P are planes, which are mutually perpendicular and form three principle axis.
U V.P E P.P F O A B C H.P G D W H

Isometric means equal measure all the mutually perpendicular plane surfaces of an object and the edges formed by these surfaces are equally inclined to Plane of Projection (POP). The projection of cube obtained on the plane UVW is called an isometric projection.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS:

ISOMETRIC AXES, LINES AND PLANES: The three lines AL, AD and AH, meeting at point A and making 1200 angles with each other are termed Isometric Axes. The lines parallel to these axes are called Isometric Lines. A

The planes representing the faces of the cube as well as other planes parallel to these planes are called Isometric Planes.
ISOMETRIC SCALE: When one holds the object in such a way that all three dimensions are visible then in the process all dimensions become proportionally inclined to observers eye sight and hence appear apparent in lengths. This reduction is 0.815 or 9 / 11 ( approx.) It forms a reducing scale which Is used to draw isometric drawings and is called Isometric scale. In practice, while drawing isometric projection, it is necessary to convert true lengths into isometric lengths for measuring and marking the sizes. This is conveniently done by constructing an isometric scale.

TYPES OF ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

ISOMETRIC VIEW Drawn by using True scale ( True dimensions )

ISOMETRIC PROJECTION Drawn by using Isometric scale ( Reduced dimensions )

H
1

C 4 3 2

0 0 300

1 450

Isometric scale [ Line AC ] required for Isometric Projection

CONSTRUCTION OF ISOM.SCALE. From point A, with line AB draw 300 and 450 inclined lines AC & AD resp on AD. Mark divisions of true length and from each division-point draw vertical lines upto AC line. The divisions thus obtained on AC give lengths on isometric scale.

Isometric Projection
Rotate 45 about vertical axis Tilt forward (35o16)

All edges foreshorten about 0.8 time.

a2

b2

d2

c2

f2

b' a'

c' d'

h2 a1' b1' d1' c1' e2'

g2

e'

f'

h' g' e1'

h1' f1'

g1'

54.75

ae

h d e1

d1 h1
c1 g1

a1 f g

f1 b1

P A
45

B
30 120 120

O C 120

Q G

BA = Isometric Length BP = True length of the cube BA/BP =cos30/cos45 BA/BP=0.815

Important Points In isometric vertical edges are shown by vertical lines, while the horizontal edges are shown are represented by lines, making 300 angles with the horizontal. In isometric view, lines for the hidden edges are generally not shown. Isometric view should be drawn according to the given view in such a way that maximum possible details are visible. At any point for the corner of the solid, at least three lines for the edges must converge. Vertical lines remain vertical and the same scale is used. Curved and slanted lines are developed by working within lightly sketched squares or rectangles, which are erased after use. Two lines (for visible edges) will never cross each other. Square is seen as rhombus, rectangle is seen as parallelogram and circle is seen as ellipse in isometric. Projection of parallel line is parallel.

ISOMETRIC OF PLANE FIGURES

AS THESE ALL ARE 2-D FIGURES WE REQUIRE ONLY TWO ISOMETRIC AXES. A

SHAPE
H RECTANGLE D A

Isometric view if the Shape is F.V. or T.V.

D
D C A

B TRIANGLE 1

B B H 3

IF THE FIGURE IS FRONT VIEW, H & L AXES ARE REQUIRED.

IF THE FIGURE IS TOP VIEW, D & L AXES ARE REQUIRED.

B 3 A 1

B 3

1 A

Shapes containing Inclined lines should be enclosed in a rectangle as shown. Then first draw isom. of that rectangle and then inscribe that shape as it is.

2 PENTAGON 1
A E

2 4 H
E D E A

4
D

4
D

1 3
C A B C

DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW OF A CIRCLE IF IT IS A TV OR FV.

FIRST ENCLOSE IT IN A SQUARE. ITS ISOMETRIC IS A RHOMBUS WITH D & L AXES FOR TOP VIEW. THEN USE H & L AXES FOR ISOMETRIC WHEN IT IS FRONT VIEW. FOR CONSTRUCTION USE RHOMBUS METHOD SHOWN HERE. STUDY IT.

2 A 4 C B

Isometric views of standard solids

Isometric projection of square prism
4 1 2 3 8 3 5 5 6 7 1 4 2 7

Isometric projection of hexagonal prism

d 6

c
3 A

S.V

F.V

ISOMETRIC VIEW OF PENTAGONAL PYRAMID STANDING ON H.P. (Height is added from center of pentagon)
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF BASE OF PENTAGONAL PYRAMID STANDING ON H.P.

4 4
E D E D

1
A B C

1
A B C

2 2

Non Isometric lines: If the solid contains inclined edge then edge of the solid wont be lying on the isometric line. Such edges of the solid can be drawn by using two methods. 1. Box method: This method is used when the non isometric lines or their ends lie in isometric planes. Object is assumed to be contained inside the rectangular box. The isometric projection of such box is drawn initially, then the ends of the inclined edges are then located from the outlines of the box. 2. Offset Method: Perpendiculars are drawn from each end of the edge to a horizontal or a vertical reference plane. The point at which the perpendiculars meet to the plane are located by drawing coordinates or offset to the edge of the plane.

ISOMETRIC VIEW OF A FRUSTOM OF SQUARE PYRAMID STANDING ON H.P. ON ITS LARGER BASE.

60

FV

40

20

TV

PROJECTIONS OF FRUSTOM OF PENTAGONAL PYRAMID ARE GIVEN. DRAW ITS ISOMETRIC VIEW.

ISOMETRIC VIEW OF FRUSTOM OF PENTAGONAL PYRAMID

FV

60

SOLUTION STEPS: FIRST DRAW ISOMETRIC OF ITS BASE.

x 1
A E

y 4

THEN DRAWSAME SHAPE AS TOP, 60 MM ABOVE THE BASE PENTAGON CENTER. THEN REDUCE THE TOP TO 20 MM SIDES AND JOIN WITH THE PROPER BASE CORNERS.

TV 40 20
B

2
C

Isometric view of the truncated triangular pyramid

o' 2' 3' 1' a' 11' O

33' c' cr

22'

b'

3
B o 2 1 a p q b A 22 1 11

Sketch from an actual object

1. Place the object in the position which its shape
and features are clearly seen. 2. Define an isometric axis. 3. Sketching the enclosing box. 4. Estimate the size an and relationship of each details. 5. Darken all visible lines.

Sketch from an actual object

STEPS 1. Positioning object. 2. Select isometric axis.

3. Sketch enclosing box.

4. Add details. 5. Darken visible lines.

Sketch from an actual object

STEPS 1. Positioning object. 2. Select isometric axis. 3. Sketch enclosing box. 4. Add details. 5. Darken visible lines. Note In isometric sketch/drawing), hidden lines are omitted unless they are absolutely necessary to completely describe the object.

Regular
x

y B

C
E

D
A B

Front View

C A

D F E

FV

30

10

30

40 SQUARE

TV

60 D

F.V. & T.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW 20 20

x
20 30

20

50

20

20

20

TOP VIEW

STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS
10

F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.

20 40

FV

40

TV
50 D 30 D

F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
20
40

F.V.
30

10
X

10

30 10 30

O T.V.

80

F.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.

30

20

10

20 15

10

15

O
30 15

15

O
50

Y F.V.

LEFT S.V.

F.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.

30

10

60

30

40 F.V.

40 S.V.

ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS OF SPHERE & HEMISPHERE r R r r

450 300
Isom. Scale

P C

r R R

r
C

P
P C = Center of Sphere. P = Point of contact R = True Radius of Sphere r = Isometric Radius.

TO DRAW ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF A HEMISPHERE Adopt same procedure. Draw lower semicircle only. Then around C construct Rhombus of Sides equal to Isometric Diameter. For this use iso-scale. Then construct ellipse in this Rhombus as usual And Complete Isometric-Projection of Hemi-sphere.

TO DRAW ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF A SPHERE

1. FIRST DRAW ISOMETRIC OF SQUARE PLATE. 2. LOCATE ITS CENTER. NAME IT P. 3. FROM PDRAW VERTICAL LINE UPWARD, LENGTH r mm AND LOCATE CENTER OF SPHERE C 4. C AS CENTER, WITH RADIUS R DRAW CIRCLE. THIS IS ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF A SPHERE.