Machine Elements

What are machine elements

All the machines are made up of elements or parts and units. Each element is a separate part of the machine and it may have to be designed separately and in assembly. Each element in turn can be a complete part or made up of several small pieces which are joined together by riveting, welding etc.

Classification of Machines Elements

The machines elements are classified into two main types: general purpose elements and special purpose elements. These have been described below: 1) General purpose elements: The elements which are common to various types of machines serving different applications are called general purpose elements. Examples of these elements are nuts, bolts, keys, axles, shafts, couplings, bearings etc. 2) Special purpose elements: The elements that are used only in the specific type of machine are called as special purpose elements. For instance piston and connecting rods are used in the engines and compressors, while blades are used in the turbines and blowers. Some other examples are cam shafts, push roads, crankshaft, cylinder etc.

The general purpose elements are classified into two types: fasteners and elements of rotary motion drive. 1) Fasteners: The fasteners are the machine elements that connect or join various parts of the machine. The joints can be of permanent type (welded, riveted) or temporary type (nut and bolts, cotter joints).

2) Elements of rotary motion drive: These are the elements that help transmit the motion or power to or from the machines i.e. belt connected to the motor and pump helps running the pump. Other examples of elements of the rotary motion drive are rope, chain, gear, worm drives, shafts, axles, couplings, bearings etc.

Kinds of section
Section views give a clearer view of the interior or hidden features of an object that you normally cannot see clearly in other views.

Full section: Full section is simply a section of one of the regular multiviews
that is sliced or cut completely in two.

 Offset section: Many times important features do not fall in a straight line as
they do in a full section. Under such situation important features can be illustrated in an offset section by bending of offsetting the cutting plane.

 Half section:

Half section is used when an object is symmetrical in both outside and inside. The object is cut only halfway through and a quarter section is removed. One half of the object is sectioned and the other half is shown as a standard view.

 Broken out section: Under certain conditions, only a small area needs to be
sectioned in order to make a particular features understandable.

 Revolved section: This type of section is used to eliminate the need to draw
extra views of rolled shapes, ribs, and similar forms. It is really a drawing within a drawing, and it clearly describes the objects shape at a certain cross section.

 Removed section: This type of section is used to illustrate particular parts of

an object. It is drawn like the revolved section, except it is placed at one side to bring out important details.

 Section through ribs and webs: Ribs and webs are useful for reinforcing
relatively thin walls and avoiding thick sections. In addition to increasing the strength and rigidity of a thin wall, they improve material flow and limit distortion. Rib thickness should not exceed that of the adjoining wall.

Contd.

ribs and webs:

Contd.

ribs and webs 2:

Holes:

Ribs and webs:

Spokes and keyways:

Aligned section:

Important points
Rounds and Fillets:
Metal casting process require an object material to flow in to cavities and corners of the solid. Sharp corners are not only undesirable (tendency to crack along sharp corners as well as difficult to cast). Therefore, rounds are specified for outside corners and fillets for inside corners.

Runouts:

Runouts are curved surface formed where a flat and a curved surface meet. To find the exact location where a runouts occurs, locate the tangent points of the curved surface.

Runouts:

Runouts are curved surface formed where a flat and a curved surface meet. To find the exact location where a runouts occurs, locate the tangent points of the curved surface.

Intersecting surfaces:
1. Flat surface meeting sharply over curved surface:

2.

Flat surface blending into the cylinder:

3.

Flat surface blending in to the cylinder till point of tangency:

4.

Flat surface blending into the cylinder

Cylindrical Intersection:

Incomplete Views:

Aligned features:

END
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