E THICS IN P UBLIC A DMINISTRATION : S UMMARY

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ETHICS

Normative standards of conduct derived from philosophical and religious traditions

What is right, good, just, fairmore than what is legal

Responsibility accepting role obligations and being held accountable to them Rolespackage of expectations and obligations

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An ethical identity is developed by reflecting on situations on four levels

Expressive Moral rules Ethical analysis Postethical analysis Acknowledge ambiguity Find facts before deciding on the problem Generate alternatives after defining problem Acknowledge that time pressures exist Acknowledge that situations can keep changing and that ethical analysis is an active process

Design Approach: Ethical Analysis

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Modern and postmodern ethics The administrative role in a political world poses ethical dilemmas

Administrator as citizen and administrator

Public policy aspects:

representation (whos in charge?)

education (who is trainee and who trainer)

implementation (who determines how something is implemented)

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Types of responsibility

Objective: responsible to others

superiors/subordinates, legislation (politicians and the law) Citizens (the most important)

Subjective responsible to oneself

Ones beliefs and values

Ones feelings

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Kinds of conflict

Authority people I report to in some way dont agree Rolecitizen vs. parent vs. administrator vs professional, etc.

Inside vs. inside Inside vs. outside

Interestbribery, influence peddling, information peddling, financial transactions, relatives, gifts, future employment, outside employment

Importance of avoiding even appearance of conflict of interest

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External controls

Ethics legislation Codes of conduct

Internal controls

Professional values and standards Personal values and beliefs

INTRINSIC -- personal and person-oriented

EXTRINSIC outcomes, pleasure, product, praise SYSTEMIC rules, codes, principles

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Integrating internal and external controls Components of responsible conduct

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Dealing with unethical superiors: whistle blowing Pressures which discourage whistle blowing

Political Pressure Team Player Ethic

Private Sector Norms Anti-Tattling conditioning Bureaucratic norms

Organizational Personal

Remedies

Self awarenesswhat are my values and priorities? Role evaluationdoes what is asked of me fit my values?

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Using the design process

Gather the facts Define the problem Generate possible solutions Determine fit with codes, principles, ability to defend, and ability to be at peace and comfortable with solution Add: how to make the organization supportive of this kind of decision

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What making the organization supportive involves

Take organization and environment into account Consider both structure and culture Think creatively about changes that might be needed