Electrostatics

ELECTROSTATICS
Topic
Electrostatics
Definition
Physics of charged particles
Ions
Coulombs law

Electrostatic
Branch of physics which deals with the
study of electric charges at rest, that is,
charged particles that are stationary

The physics of charged particles
Study of electrostatics aims to
understand the interaction between
different charged objects.
+ -
The Force of Electric
charges are determined by
the type of charge of the
objects.
unlike charges attract
like charges repel
A strong charge will attract
a weak or neutral charge

Fundamental building blocks of the
matter are atoms.

+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
-
-
-
-
-
-
In neutral state
Electron = Proton

+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
-
-
-
-
- -
C electron
-19
10 1.602 charge 1 =
Atomic Structure
In neutral state
Electron = Proton

+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
-
-
-
-
-
Atomic Structure
C proton
-19
10 1.602 charge 1 + =
+
Atomic Structure
Neutral atom + electron =

+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
negative ion.
Atomic Structure
Neutral atom - electron =

+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
-
-
-
-
-
-
positive ion.
-
ELECTRICALLY CHARGING
OBJECTS
+ - +
+ - - +
+ - +
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
+
OBJECTS
+ - +
+ - - +
+ - +
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
+
OBJECTS
+ - +
+ - - +
+ - +
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
+
-
Conservation Of Charge
States that charge can never be created nor
destroyed, only transferred.

Charged particles can be transferred from one
object to another, but the total amount of charge
is conserved.

Conservation Of Charge
Example: An object with 5 excess units of positive charge and
another with 2 units of excess negative charge are released
from rest and attract each other. (By Newtons 3
rd
law, the
forces are equal strength, opposite directions, but their
accelerations depend on their masses too.) Since there is no net
force on the system, their center of mass does not accelerate,
and they collide there. As they fall toward each other,
electric potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. When
contact is made charge may be exchanged but the total amount
before and after must be the same. After the collision the total
momentum must still be zero.
+5 -2
Before
Total charge: +3
+1.5 +1.5
After
Total charge: +3
Coulombs Law
A law of physics describing
the electrostatic interaction
between electrically
charged particles
Published in 1785 by
French physicist Charles
Augustin de Coulomb and
was essential to the
development of the theory
of electromagnetism.
Coulombs Law
States that the magnitude of the
Electrostatics force of interaction between
two point charges is directly proportional to
the scalar multiplication of the magnitudes
of charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distances between them.
F
e
= k q
1
q
2
r
2

Coulombs Law
F
e
= k q
1
q
2

r
2

k (electrostatic constant =8.99 x 10
9
N m
2
/C
2
)
q (charge in Coulombs)
r ( distance between the charges in meters)
Coulombs Law
F
e
= k q
1
q
2

r
2

If the product q
1
q
2
is positive, the force between
them is repulsive; if q
1
q
2
is negative, the force
between them is attractive.
Coulombs Law
F
e
= k q
1
q
2

r
2

Coulomb's constant k , a proportionality factor also
called the electric force constant
or electrostatic constant. The exact value of Coulomb's
constant k comes from three of the fundamental,
invariant quantities that define free space in the SI
system: the speed of light c 0 , magnetic
permeability 0 , and electric permittivity 0

Coulombs Law Sample Problem
A positive charge of 6.0 x 10
-6
C is 0.030m from a
second positive charge of 3.0 x 10
-6
C. Calculate the
force and the direction between the charges.

Solution:

F
e
= k q
1
q
2

r
2

= (8.99 x 10
9
N m
2
/C
2
) (6.0 x 10
-6
C) (3.0 x 10
-6
C)
( 0.030m )
2

=

(8.99 x 10
9
N m
2
/C
2
) (18.0 x 10
-12
C)
(9.0 x 10
-4
m
2
)
= + 1.8 x 10
-8
N , Repulsion

Charging by Induction
Same atoms have weakly bound
electrons.
Electric Polarization
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
- -
-
-
-
Same atoms have weakly bound
electrons.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
The Electric Force
Coulombs Law
Quantifies the electric force between
two charges.
b a b a
Q Q F
Coulombs Law
two charges.
2
1
b a
b a
r
F
Coulombs Law
two charges.
b a
b a
b a
b a
b a
b a
b a
r
r
Q Q
k r
r
Q Q
F

=
tc
=

4
1
2 2
0
2 2 9
2 12
/ 10 988 . 8
/ 10 854 . 8
C Nm k
and
Nm C
where
0
=
= c

Electric Force Field
Gravitational force field:
+Q
+Q
+q
Definition of Electric field:
q
F
E
q Q
=


Definition of Electric field:
q Q
r
r
kQ
E
q Q

1
r
5
r
2
r
+
+
+
+
+
3
r
4
r

The electric field due to a number of source
charges is given by the expression
=
=
=
=
N
i
i
i
i
N
i
i i
r
r
q
k
r E E
1
2
1
) (

(Linear distribution of charge)
dL
= =
dL
dq
density charge Linear
? = dE
r
2
r
dq
k dE =
dL
= =
dL
dq
? = dE
2
r
dL
k dE

=
dL
= =
dL
dq
? = dE
=
2
r
dL
k E
(Surface distribution of charge)
o = =
da
dq
on distributi charge Surface
r
? = dE
da
2
r
dq
k dE =
o = =
da
dq
r
? = dE
da
2
r
da
k dE
o
=
o = =
da
dq
r
? = dE
da
o
=
surface
r
da
k E
2
Electric Dipole
Electric dipole consists of a pair of point
charges with equal size but opposite sign
separated by a distance d.
d
+
-
d q p =
Electric Dipole
d
+
-
Electric Dipole
d
+
-
p
Electric Dipole
d
+
-
d q p =
Electric Dipole
Water molecules are
electric dipoles
+ +
-
water
p
Exercise 1
A point charge q = -8.0 nC is located at the
origin. Find the electric field vector at the point
x = 1.2 m, y = -1.6 m
m 2 . 1
-
m 6 . 1
m r 0 . 2 =
m 2 . 1
-
m 6 . 1
m r 0 . 2 =
j E i E E
y x

+ =
m 2 . 1
-
m 6 . 1
m r 0 . 2 =
)
sin
(cos j i E E u + u =
u
m 2 . 1
-
m 6 . 1
m r 0 . 2 =
j C N i C N E
/ 14
/ 11 + =
u
Exercise 2
An electric dipole consists of a positive
charge q and negative charge q
separated by a distance 2a, as shown in
the figure below. Find the electric field due
to these charges along the axis at the
point P, which is the distance y from the
origin. Assume that y>>a.
q
q
r
a a
r
Vector Flux
Vector Flux
Vector Flux
Definition of flux:
A v

- = u
Electric Flux
Electric Flux
- = u A d E
E

Gau|s Law
c
= -
Surface Enclosed
Enclosed
Q
A d E
0
Gau|s Law
dA E A d E d
E
= - = u

+
r
Gau|s Law
= u dA E
E
+
r
Gau|s Law
= u dA
r
kQ
E
2
+
r
Gau|s Law
0
2
2
0
4
4 c
= t
tc
= u
Q
r
r
Q
E
+
r
Exercise 3
dE
Solution
Coulombs Law
2 2
R
dA k
R
kdq
dE
o
= =
Solution
Infinitesimal area of disk
rdr dA t = 2
Solution
Infinitesimal area of disk
2
2
R
rdr k
dE
t o
=
Solution
Y-component of E-field element
u
t o
= u = cos
2
cos
2
R
rdr k
dE dE
y
Solution
R
L
= u cos
Solution
|
.
|
\
|
t o
=
R
L
R
rdr k
dE
y
2
2
Solution
0
4
1
tc
= k
Solution
+ c
o
=
2 / 3 2 2
0
) ( 2 L r
rdr
L dE
y
Solution
0
0
2 / 3 2 2
0
2 / 3 2 2
0
2
1
) (
) ( 2
c
o
=
=
+
+ c
o
=
y
y
E
L L r
rdr
L r
rdr
L E
identity the Using
Two Oppositely charged Parallel
Plates (Capacitor)
Plates (Capacitor)
? = E
Exercise 4
0
0 c
=
c
= -
L
Q
A d E
Gauss
0
0
2
2
c t
=
c
= t
t =
r
E
L
rL E
Area rL 2 cylinder a of
Electric Potential
+Q
+q
Electric Potential
+Q
Electric Potential
test
test
Q
Q on
ood neighboreh its in source due P point a at potential
) ( P Work
Electric

=
Electric Potential
=
-
=
-
=
P
Source
P
P
test
r d r
r
kQ
r d E
r d F
Q
Electric
1
2
ood neighboreh its in source due P point a at potential
Electric Potential
r
Q
r
kQ
Source Source
0
4tc
= = V(r)
1J/C V = 1 : Unit
Electric Potential
=
tc
=
N
i
i
i
r
Q
1
0
4
1
P
V
Electric potential at position P due to a system
of N source charges is given by:
Electric Potential
Potential difference:
Electric Potential
Potential difference:
Electric Potential
- =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= = A
b
a
r
r
a b
source a b
r d E
r r
kQ r V r V V
1 1
) ( ) (
Plates (Capacitor)
constant = E
V A
Plates (Capacitor)
Ed
r r E
dr E
r d E V
b a
r
r
r
r
b
a
b
a
=
=
=
- = A
+
) (
Capacitors and di-electrics

Capacitors store electric potential energy
Battery
V V = A
V
Q
C

plates across Voltage
plate each on stored Charge
e Capacitanc
=
=
) ( 1 / 1 1 F farad V C C = =
+
E
E
A
Q
E E E
0
0
c
=
c
o
=
+ =
+ resultant
We can therefore express the voltage
across the capacitor plates as follows:
d
A
Q
Ed V
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
= =
0
Hence
d
A
A
Qd
Q
V
Q
C
0
0
c =
c
= =
Exercise 3
A parallel-plate capacitor has an area of A = 2
cm
2
and a plate separation of d =1mm.

(a) Find its capacitance. (answer = 1.77pF)

(b) If the plate separation of this capacitor is
increased to 3 mm, find the capacitance.
(answer = 0.59 pF).

Capacitors in Parallel
Di-electric material inside a parallel Electric field.
Di-electric material between parallel capacitor
plates.
Di-electric material
between parallel
capacitor plates.
vacuum electric di
KC C =

Di-electric material between parallel
capacitor plates.
vacuum vacuum electric di electric di
V C V C Q = =

constant remains Charge
between parallel
capacitor plates.
vacuum
KV =
electric - di
V
between parallel
capacitor plates.
vacuum
KE
Ed
=
=
electric - di
E
V Since

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Capacitors and di-electrics

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